ტექინფორმი

12.A1.1. Problems of state management and legal factor. /A. Kuratashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 23-26. – rus.; abs.: eng.

The article considers the problems of state management and the necessity and importance of effective use of a legal factor for their solution. Ref. 8.

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12.A1.2. Some problems of improvement of Criminal Code of Georgia. /Sh. Phaphiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 312-319. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with some problems of improvement of the Criminal Code of Georgia and some viewpoints of the author in this direction, particularly: 1. The importance of considering slander and insult as a crime in criminal law and respective changes in the Criminal Code. 2. According to the author, existence of life and long term imprisonment as a type of punishment is ineffective. That is why it is expedient not only to prohibit the summary punishment, but it is also necessary to substitute a long-term imprisonment with a short-term one. 3. It is recommended that except for a calculated murder committed in aggravated circumstances, the punishment for all other types shall not exceed 10 years of imprisonment. As for the calculated murder committed in aggravated circumstances, the punishment here should not exceed 15 years. According to the author, unlimited widening of the concept of bribery and the bribe is considered to be wrong. The bribe cannot be an intangible asset. As for bribery, it is a bilateral crime and is considered completed from the moment of giving/taking a bribe and thus interpretation of Articles 338 and 339 of the Criminal Code under which bribery is considered completed from the moment of offering or promising any unlawful benefit is erroneous. Ref. 9.

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12.A1.3. Providing the buyer with information about merchandise offered for sale. /E. Kokhanovskaia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 320-323. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with the current problems of providing buyers with the merchandise information according to the “Civil Code of Ukraine” and the “Law on Consumers Protection of Ukraine (1999). Also the features of information of merchandise as «indispensability», «completeness», «trustworthiness», and «objectiveness», are explored.

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12.A1.4. Liability for damage emanating from a construction with increased danger. /R. Tsintsadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 324-330. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the tortuous liability for the damage caused by increased danger emanating from a construction. Such sources of increased danger, based on their properties, are electric installations, energy-storage and energy-supply facilities, machine tools, mechanisms, inflammable and explosive substances, poisonous substances and poisons, devices associated with the use of atomic energy, building sites, vehicles, and many other things that are beyond the human control and represent an increased danger to those around. The liability for damage resulting from a source of increased danger is characterized by rather significant peculiarities. Here the liability ensues not only on the basis of a deliberate or careless guilty attitude of the delinquent, but also without the fault, being an exception to the general rule of culpable liability. Provisions of Articles 997, 999, 1000 and 1005 of the Civil Code of Georgia are analyzed and corresponding viewpoints expressed in the paper. Ref. 1.

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12.A1.5. International and economic relations of Georgia and their legal regulation. /V. Abakelia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 331-334. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with economic links, relations with various countries of the world and legal regulation of close relations with them. As a determinant of the mentioned it is considered that the international finance law should be separated from the finance law, as one of the fields of law, and be formed as a separate field. As a result, Georgia, given all the legal aspects, will be able to get closer to the world and minimize thus all the drawbacks mentioned above. Ref. 6.

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12.A1.6. Globalization and legal problems of the Georgian industrial production. /T. Kiladze, T. Rukhadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 334-336. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with the aspiration of Georgia to participation in the global economy, the role and importance of transnational companies in the global economy, the problems faced by Georgia, the solution of which will help to reach the set goal and export its products to global markets. Also discussed is the current state of the Georgian industry, the principal problems of its legislative support, such as: defective tax administration, the unhealthy competitive environment, and nonexistence of antimonopoly rules. Ref. 3.

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12.A1.7. Administrative appeal and peculiarities of its filing. /D. Khobelia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 337-339. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The possibility of filing an appeal in courts is a universal right of citizens guaranteed by Article 42 of the Constitution of Georgia. Any interference with the exercise and/or violation of this right is unacceptable. The prejudicial appeal procedure is exactly what interferes with exercise of this right. Therefore, the prejudicial procedure should be abolished so that every person could directly apply to the court for protection of own rights. Ref. 6.

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12.A1.8. Issues of criminal liability of the principal and accomplice. /E. Gventsadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 340-345. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Limited complicity is considered to be incompatible with to the Georgian criminal law. First of all, according to the legislative wording, “Criminal complicity means intentional participation of two or more individuals in the commission of an aforethought crime”. (Article 23 of the Criminal Code of Georgia). The law directly mentions the commission of a crime rather than wrongdoing. Based on the above, if a person has committed a wrong act and his guilt has not been established, the person may not be held criminally liable. This runs counter to the principle of criminal liability. Thus, since there is no crime without guilt, there could be no complicity in it. Ref. 10.

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12.A1.9. Importance of causal connection in the theory and practice of the criminal law. /J. Gabelia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 346-351. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the current issues of the criminal law such as causal connection between action and result. Theories of causal connection and its problems of realization in judicial practice are shortly discussed. Importance of determination of causal connection is grounded in investigation and judicial practice, while giving a correct qualification to the action. Ref. 11.

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12.A1.10. Legal nature of leasing. /K. Bzishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 352-357. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Despite the changes made, the restoration of a number of articles of the former wording is considered to be expedient. Such are, for example, the norm on lease agreement (Article 577), other leasing rules (Article 580). In general, the chapter concerning leasing in the Code lacks a reference to the consistency of the Criminal Code provisions. Ref. 8.

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12.A1.11. Private life in the context of the conflict of values. /M. Bichia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 358-361. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

As outlined in the study, the solution of a conflict of values needs a careful approach. At the same time, freedoms should not exceedn definite limits, for if freedom violates other right, it will lead to a wrongdoing rather than to a conflict of interests. Thus, all the specific cases should be throughly analyzed when there is a conflict of interests, because all cases are individual. Accordingly, the way of solving the conflict of interests can vary in different cases. It is also worth noting that sometimes it is more relevant to protect personal life than public interest. Although, weighing of values and protecting the principle of proportionality can be considered as common criteria in solving the conflict. Ref. 10.

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12.A1.12. The Law of credit rating agencies as an independent branch of law and its subject - credit ratings. /N. Jibuti/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 362-375. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper emphasizes that even though there exists enough factors for rapid creation of law of credit rating agencies, as the independent branch of law, it is only on its early stage of development. Relationships related to the credit rating market have gained such an importance all over the world that the creation of legal framework for them became unavoidable. Historically, the need of legal regulation has shown itself at several points during the time of different financial and economic crises, but its importance was especially demonstrated after the 2008 global financial crisis. So, the several attempts began for forming the subject of law of credit rating agencies for defining different credit categories, etc. The paper discusses the rationale of rating, different rating categories and argues that the subject of credit rating law is management of rating resources, of technologies for processing the ratings, of their provision, supply, transactions and consume. The credit rating law is mainly borne in the sphere of relationships in financial, banking, informational law and then it develops its own subject of regulation. Ref. 27.

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12.A1.13. Legal nature of presumption of innocence. /K. Kharkhelauri/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 376-378. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

One of the most important institutions of legal process – the constitutional guarantee for protecting human rights – the principle of presumption of innocence is discussed in this paper. Existing assumptions about the presumption of innocence are analyzed, a number of principle resistances and defaults connected to it in literature and normative acts are noted, and the legal nature of the principle is clarified. Ref. 10.

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12.A1.14. Separate novelties of criminal proceedings. /Sh. Dvalishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 379-381. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

This paper deals with the novelties introduced in the Georgian criminal procedure law, specifically the changes related to the roles of the prosecutor and the defendant, in particular, their right to access the evidence on equal basis. In contrast with the prosecutor, a lawyer is currently not authorised to carry out all investigative activities; however, the defendant may retain certain part of the evidence for the later stage of litigation, whereas the prosecutor has to release it right from the very beginning. Furthermore, the defendant could be granted a right to carry out any investigation activity. To sum up, the introduction of the current Criminal Procedure Code has bought forth tratther positive changes in the Georgian legislation. Ref. 7.

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12.A1.15. Subrogation in insurance law. /I. Nozadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 381-385. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the essence of the principle of subrogation presented in Article 832 (in the insurance section) of the Criminal Code of Georgia and is used actively in the regulations of insurance relations. Its features are presented in comparison with other similar regulations. The correct use of this norm was so problematic issue in judicial practice that the Supreme Court made a significant clarification over this issue. The aim of this article is to present the essence of the principle of subrogation and the drawbacks in Article 832. Ref. 5.

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12.A1.16. For precise understanding of the concept, essence and meaning of indirect evidence. /Sh. Papiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 76-81. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the place of circumstantial or indirect evidence in the system of a cycle of evidences; its theoretical and practical significance is substantiated. The author does not share the viewpoint of those processionists, who neglect a possibility of practical usage of indirect evidence; contrary to this, the essence and significance of indirect testimony in respect of discovering the main fact of the case of investigation and its fast and full exposure are discussed against the background of investigational-judicial practice. The definition of the concept of indirec efvidence, as well as the ways and means of obtaining indirect evidence are convincingly established. Ref. 1.

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12.A1.17. Comparative analysis of governmental administrations of the USA and France. /Q. Pridonashvili/. Law and Economics. – 2013. – #4. – pp. 4-13. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., fr.

In this publication the author makes a comparison of federal and unitary systems after the example of a territorial organization in the USA and France. According to the views presented in this article, modern federal and unitary systems have many features in common because the developed self-government and, generally, the distribution of powers on a vertical based on the subsidiary principle ensures modification of the centralized unitary system and its similarity with the federal system in legal terms. According to the author, the modern democratic process gradually deprives the territorial organization of the state of the political basis and places it within legal frameworks defined by democratic parameters.

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12.A1.18. Principles of justice of the electoral law. /Q. Pridonashvili/. Law and Economics. – 2013. – #4. – pp. 28–34. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., fr.

In this publication the author reviews the peculiarities of functions of electoral systems. The author gives essential arguments and expresses his negative attitude towards the proportional electoral system, suggests to use a majority electoral system only for parliamentary elections and introduces the institution of primaries, which is to play an important part in balancing the parliamentary majority and will, in the end, further the effective performance by the legislative body of its functions and the strengthening and establishment of parliamentarism as an institution and values in Georgia.

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А2. Sociology. Demography

12.A2.1. Formation of social structure of society in the countries with developed market economy and in Ukraine. /O. Sychenko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 27-31. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Institutional environment in the area of social protection is formed. Modern problems of social protection of population in Ukraine are defined. The formation of new institutions and institutional environment in the context of the major problems of social protection of population is grounded. Ref. 9.

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12.A2.2. Directions of the state social policy of Ukraine under modern conditions. /L. Velychko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 32-36. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The basic directions of a state social policy of Ukraine under modern conditions are determined. The problem of forming a new model of social policy of the state is explored as an optimum correlation between the distribution of responsibility on the fate of every individual between the state and the individual. Ref. 6.

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12.A2.3. Demographic context of pension system reform. /T. Shinjiashvili, A. Sulaberidze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 5-14. – geo.; abs.: eng.

In the article, the pension reform of Georgia is analyzed in comparison with the pension reform of the developed European and post-communist countries, where, in the authors’ opinion, the countries’ demographic aspect was not taken into account, in particular, the main characteristics of the aging population and demographic structure. In their view, the minimum retirement age for men – 65 years, established in the country due to extra mortality rate in comparison with women, does not comply with reality and should not be more than 62 years. In the pension reforms carried out in Georgia the main attention should not be focused only on the fiscal aspects but also on the social, medical and demographic characteristics. The paper, based on the demographic and medical data analysis, introduces expected socio–demographic effects caused by reduction of the minimum retirement age for men. Tab. 3.

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12.A2.4. Social-economic equality. /V. Khizanishvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. –N1. – pp. 37- 40. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Equality is one of the most important concepts of social philosophy. Social equality means equal access of people to social liberties, rights and prosperity. Equality, as an economic category, can be divided into three parts: 1. Equality of prosperity; 2. Equality of opportunities; 3. Equality of resources. The tendency of the modern world is characterized by growing social-economic inequality, which is characterized by a deficit of social public resources – money, power, education and prestige with unequal distribution among the different social classes of people, which shows a distinct differentiation towards the social stratification.

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12.A2.5. Problems of financing the social sphere in Georgia. /M.Muchiashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 65- 69. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article analyzes the functional structure of Georgia’s State Budget. The policy of financing the social sphere (education, healthcare and social security, and social Insurance) by the Government in 2003-2012 is considered. The recommendations regarding the optimization of the functional structure of Georgia’s State Budget expenditure on the basis of analysis of the comparative data of the OECD, EU and other countries of the world are given. Ref. 9.

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12.A2.6. The dynamics, trends and socio-demographic aspects of international migration in the EU Member States /Y. Prysiazhniuk, O. Patkovskaiya/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 19-24. – rus.; abs.: eng.

The trends and dynamics of migration in the EU Members States are considered and its socio-demographic significance is dicussed. Fig. 4, Ref. 10.

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12.A2.7. Social marketing strategies for social changes. /Ch. Jashi/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 128-131. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work explores the role of social marketing for social changes in the society. Transformation of dominated negative behaviour of consumers into the new behaviour gives the social benefit. It is significant to use social marketing strategy for improving health care, ensuring an environmental improvement and increasing people’s well-being in the country. The concept of social marketing, despite its topicality, is not popular yet at Georgian academic and public levels. Only a small number of commercial organizations is engaged in social projects and benefit from them by building up a positive corporative image and loyalty of consumers. Social marketing is an important instrument to settle the interests’ conflict of business and society. Ref. 10.

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A3. Economy

12.A3.1. Brief historic survey of audit development, present situation and development opportunities in Georgia. /Ch. Adeishvili/. Accounting. – 2013. – N3. – pp. 26-33. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work gives a brief historic survey of audit control development in the main countries of the world up to the 21^st century. The present situation concerning control and audit in Georgia and its development problems are considered. Ref. 11.

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12.A3.2. The topical issues relating to liability assessment. /G. Nanuashvili, L. Sadagashvili/. Accounting. – 2013. – N3. – pp. 34-36. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The importance of definition of liabilities in accounting and the issues relating to their assessment are discussed. Different assessment techniques and methods are considered. The negative aspects of laws are analyzed and definite recommendations for improving the issues relating to the definition of liabilities and their assessment in accounting are given. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.3. State financial control system and performance audit. /D. Sologhashvili, T. Udesiani/. Accounting. – 2013. – N5. – pp. 45-48. – geo.; abs..; geo., eng.

The article discusses the issues of State Financial Control System. Attention is paid to the Lima Declaration-adopted directives on audit procedures. Under modern conditions, more important is the use of audit services, more attention must be paid to the form of preventive control. The purpose of an audit should be: timely detection of misconducts based on the purpose and principles of recognized standards of legality and financial activities in order to make possible corrections; the assignment of responsibility to the relevant bodies in order to compensate and/or adopt measures for to preventing such violations in the future. The necessity of implementing preventive controls in order to enable the State Audit Office to assess the ongoing processes and be able to assist the government agencies in avoiding the possible violations. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.4. Bank credit risk modeling. /G. Lemonjava/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 12-21. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article discusses issues related to the bank credit risk modeling. In this context, it analyzes the structure and components of credit risk measurement methods. Credit risk is measured as a loss being a function of several variables. A number of open positions in respect of the risk, the expected probability of credit damage /default and its repayment ratio are considered as the main variables of the given function. These variables are considered as random quantities; the methods of their evaluation and integration are given. The paper also discusses the formation of the objectives of the bank’s internal credit ratings and the issues of their use in a single model of credit risk. Tab. 1, Fig. 2.

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12.A3.5. Study behaviour of the consumers in the electronic market and marketing strategy of development. /N. Karkashadze, N. Kakauridze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 37-43. – geo.; abs.: eng.

In clause – Study behaviour of the consumers in the electronic market and marketing of strategy of development~ the results of research are given, where the attitude(relation) is bright visible what has of the consumers with the consumer market. With clause also Ãhни of the recommendation about development of the consumer market and appropriate marketing strategy which will help the trade companies in realization of production and achievement of successes in the market. Tab. 4, Fig. 4, Ref. 1.

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12.A3.6. The development of mechanisms of coordinated measures of regulation and stimulation of investments at the national, regional level /A. Klub/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 74-79. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The effective implementation of investment projects aimed at socio-economic development of the region is determined. The mechanism of government stimulation of economic activitity of economic entities on a defined area is grounded. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.7. The importance of multinational marketing information systems (MMIS) in market management. /T. Khoshtaria/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 87-91. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Information systems have to be designed to meet the way in which managers tend to work. Research suggests that a manager continually addresses a large variety of tasks and is able to spend relatively brief periods on each of these. Given the nature of the work, managers tend to rely upon information that is timely and verbal (because this can be assimilated quickly), even if this is likely to be less accurate then more formal and complex information systems. Managers play at least three separate roles: interpersonal, informational and decisional. MIS, in electronic form or otherwise, can support these roles in varying degrees. MIS has less to contribute in the case of a manager's informational role than for the other two. Three levels of decision making can be distinguished from one another: strategic, control (or tactical) and operational. Again, MIS has to support each level. Strategic decisions are characteristically one-off situations. Strategic decisions have implications for changing the structure of an organisation and therefore the MIS must provide information which is precise and accurate. Control decisions deal with broad policy issues and operational decisions concern the management of the organisation's marketing mix. To conclude we can say, that multinational marketing information systems are intended to support management decision-making internationally. Hence, therefore MMIS is more complex phenomenon then MIS, because it has to bring several MIS of different countries in coordination. Fig. 2, Ref. 7.

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12.A3.8. Development of franchising: problems, perspectives. /M. Jibuti/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 92-94. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The work analyzes the substance of franchising; provides a study of the activities of ten world leading companies using franchising system for expanding their businesses. Directions of franchising development are determined by the example of large and small enterprises of Georgia. The work demonstrates that development of a franchising system would contribute to the development of competitive industries and involvement of the country into global economy. The franchising development will result in the revitalization of production, the introduction of innovations, the creation of new jobs and the improvement of social condition of the population. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.9. Evaluation of food market development on the regional level. /I. Orlenko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 15-21. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The estimation of food market at regional level is given. The decisive factors for the formation of demand in the food market in the state are analyzed. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.10. The strategic area of development as a segment of regional space. /V. Velychko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 22-25. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Defined is the modern understanding of the content of the concept of a "region". A number of the most common causes of regional disparities (inequalities) are analyzed. Ref. 7.

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12.A3.11. Conceptual basis for the public administration in the sphere of innovational development of the region. / Al. Onyschenko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 26-31. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The essence and mechanism of governmental control of innovative activity are investigated. The theoretical approaches to the forming a mechanism of the regional innovative policy realization are analyzed. The constituents of the the innovation activity control mechanism at regional level are defined. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.12. Essence and results of interaction between market and state regulation under conditions of growing shortage of resources and environmental degradation. /I. Dragan/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 32-36. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The problems of resource-ecological safety of the State are defined. The essence and results of co-operation of market and the state regulation under conditions of the growing shortage of resources and environmental degradation are grounded. Ref. 9.

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12.A3.13. The effect of globalization on the economies of developing countries. /M. Melashvili, N. Kistauri/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 37-41. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Only a few of the leading countries in the world control the most important part of production and consumption. The unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization impedes the development of the world economy. The role of the State in neutralizing the negative effects of globalization and the measures for achieving it are discussed. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.14. The improvement of Georgia’s economic conditions in the period of globalization. /T. Udesiani/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp.86-89. – geo.; abs.: eng.

A number of important indicators to assess the condition of Georgian economy, such as GDP, unemployment and inflation is considered. The levels of unemployment, employment, and inflation in Georgia are schematically presented. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.15. Business environment in Georgia. /N. Demetradze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp.90-92. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The changes tanking place in the business sector of Georgia are considered together with the positive and negative effects of the on going reforms on the development of business environment. The measures for overcoming existing problems are specified Ref. 7.

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12.A3.16. A collective model of female labor supply: by Georgia’s example. /G. Berulava/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 7-17. – eng.; abs.: eng.

This paper aims to shed light on the determinants of the female labor supply decisions in Georgia by applying a collective labor supply model. In particular, the behavior of females in Georgian households is estimated on the basis of the discrete choice collective labor supply model. The study is performed with the use of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) database. The findings of the study allow to conclude that restrictions of the collective model are valid for describing female labor supply in Georgia and that the sharing rule is an important predictor of female labor supply. Tab. 4, Ref. 26.

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12.A3.17. Programme budgeting and its importance. /Sh. Kakhidze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 27-30. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Introduction of program budgeting in Georgia is a constituent part of the ongoing reform of the government finance management As the other countries’ experience has shown, the program budgeting is a rather progressive system, which, in contrast to previous ones, implies the outlining of annual budget assignments in line with program budgeting, serving implementation of a specific priority; has a probable implementation period; has the implementing body and where the expected outcomes and their assessment indicators are determined in advance. The said approach facilitates an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of Government expenditure which, in turn, is the most important priority and objective of the government finance reform. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.18. Government finance management reform in Georgia. /Sh. Kakhidze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 31-35. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The government finance and budget management strengthening was and remains the main priority for the Government of Georgia. From 2004, there have been accomplished significant changes to improve the government financial system and in compliance with international standards. These reforms with improved economy have significantly supported stability of the government finance system. A transition from one-year to multi-year state budget planning has been accomplished. In 2006, the mid-term expenditure framework (MTEF) principles, serving as the basis for drafting the Basic Data and Directions (BDD) document were developed. In 2008, a transition to GFSM-2001 classification was carried out. In 2010, a new Tax Code of Georgia was adopted and introduced, which has made the budget process more perfect and concise. 2011 was very important for the government finance reform. A methodology of program budgeting was elaborated and introduced. For the first time, the budget was drafted according to the program budgeting principles. The changes concerning the government audit service, internal finance monitoring, and government procurement in light of the government finance structure management reform were also important. In addition, the management system was improved; the State Treasury electronic service, electronic systems of budget preparation and planning were introduced. The Government of Georgia continues active work to introduce innovative approaches to further improvement of the budget process, transparent and efficient management of the country’s finance, because the efficient financial management of governmental funds will ensure long-term economic stability and fiscal sustainability of the country. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.19. The questions of development of sectoral and techological structures of country’s economy under globalization. /V. Burduli/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 36-46. – rus.; abs.: eng.

In the article the contemporary interpretation of industrial and technological structure of economy are considered. The processes of diffusion technologies in economic branch of industries (by standard nomenclature of national accounts) are investigated. The factor globalization influencing (impacting) upon forming of sectoral and technological structure of economy of individual countries are systematized and defined. The development of economic mechanisms regulating of forming contemporary neo-industrial structure by branches of economy in individual countries are considered. Ref. 28.

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12.A3.20. Process component of the national economy as a basis for its competitiveness. /N. Gruschinskaya/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 47-51. – rus.; abs.: eng.

Globalization trends of modern civilization are caused by processes of transformation, which are under the influence of new factors of the economy, primarily in the technological development of national economies. A technological way occupies a special place in the study of contemporary processes of globalization, along with the integration of information. Ref. 17.

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12.A3.21. The influence of the social factor on the economic effectiveness of market relations. /T. Bachiashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 66-69. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The influence of the social factor on the economic effectiveness of market relations is discussed. It is concluded that without the social factor to analyze the facts and phenomena at the public, state and institutional level would be impossible. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.22. European Union and its foreign economic problems. /G. Aptsiauri/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N3. – pp. 70-81. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The author has made an attempt to consider some problems of the modern foreign economic policy of the European Union in two dimensions: as to sectors (trade, finances, budgetary policy, etc.) and as to players, or actors (EU-USA, EU-Japan, EU-China, EU – non Alliance states and others). The European Union-neighbors relations, including those, united under the umbrella of the Eastern Partnership Program is an integral part of the mentioned analysis. Based on the overview of the new risks and challenges, the author tries to stress an increased importance of the foreign economic component in the Common Economic Agenda of the European Union and presents his observations and comments in this respect.

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12.A3.23. On the economic relations between Georgia and Russia. /V. Papava, T. Tapladze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 8-14. – geo.; abs.: eng.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic relations between Georgia and Russia have developed in a contradictory manner and appear even more complicated at present. The paper explores the post-Soviet economic relations between Georgia and Russia. During the two decades of post-Soviet development a lot of unresolved problems has been accumulated between Georgia and Russia. Despite the extremely strained political relations, and breaking off of diplomatic relations, economic activities between the two countries have never stopped. Positive results of the Georgian-Russian negotiations about Russia’s accession to the WTO create the real possibilities to improve the relations between these two countries. Ref. 28.

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12.A3.24. The individual behavior and its foundations. /T. Arnania-Kepuladze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 22-26. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article discusses the features of individual behavior foundations. The contemporary literature defines predominantly genetic-biological aptitude of human behavior and environmental-based factors of behavior, including physical, psychological, social factors, etc. The author distinguishes the special factors and temporal factors of environment. The special factors are understood as politic-economic-culture-based differences between societies, organizations, etc. The temporal factors are divided into two parts: first, the individuals’ forming environment is explained as development/movement from past to the present or as a process of individuals’ upbringing and socialization and, second, the situational environment or present time specific for every moment and the effected individuals’ decision-making and behavior. Based on such perceptions, the author introduces an individual behavior model, where the individual behavior is considered as interdependence of four basic elements: individual’s nature-based aptitude, special factors, past period, or individuals’ formation/socialization process, and the situational environment existing at each given moment and the effected person’s possibilities to realize own goals and, therefore, the individuals’ decision-making and behavior. Ref. 15.

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12.A3.25. Theory of catastrophes as a synergetic instrument for researches of systems’ sustainability. /V. Sesadze, M. Kapanadze, D. Lachkebiani/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 27-32. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article discusses the theory of catastrophes as a synergetic instrument for researches of systems’ sustainability. The goal is to represent the main provisions of the theory of elementary catastrophes and use them in researches of social systems and sustainability of economic systems. It is shown that when the system is characterized by only one state variable and the number of managing parameters is not more than two, such system can be reflected in four standard canonical forms, which are called elementary catastrophes. Fig. 2, Ref. 2.

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12.A3.26. Socially oriented market economy and its contradictions. /A. Kuratashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 33-36. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The work considers the contradictions of a socially oriented market economy, the solution of which is requisite for effective functioning of such market economy system. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.27. Orientation on relationships: the concept and research proposals. /G. Berulava/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 41- 47. – eng.; abs.: geo.

The purpose of the research is to explain the causes of failure and success of business firms in creating and maintaining lasting relationships. For this reason a relationship-oriented concept is proposed. The concept reflects the firm’s core capabilities in creating and maintaining successful relationships with partners. To fully understand this concept, the factors influencing the relationship orientation and its outcomes are defined. Research propositions on the relations between the proposed concept and its antecedents and consequences are suggested. Ref. 31.

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12.A3.28. UK in front of a double-dip recession. /L. Khurtsia/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 70- 73. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The global economic crisis, started in 2008 on the basis of banking risks, was followed by a series of aftershocks, known in economics as a double-dip recession. The reduced production and savings, high rates of unemployment increased risks in the financial sector. In order to maintain stability on financial markets, the governments resort to preventive measures to stimulate the economy, although such interventions may negatively affect the financial system. Fig. 2.

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12.A3.29. Tools of activation of resource & innovation activity of the state. /E. Vilgin/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 31-36. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The main goals of modern innovation policy of the country and its regions are defined. The model of innovation development, which includes levers and mechanisms for accelerating the scientific and technological progress, is formed. Priority directions of innovation development are identified. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.30. Competitive strategies of functional level for small business. /M. Soselia, T. Rostiashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.69-72. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The core of functional strategies for small organizations is in the development of planned and management decisions aimed at reasoning a favorable target market, attracting the maximum number of buyers and desirable income for successful positioning. Competitive strategies enable to timely identify and meet the unsatisfied demand, to rationally use the resource potential and to properly manage resource potential of a small enterprise, as well as to establish an adequate image and obtain the recognition of consumers.

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12.A3.31. Business ethics and its importance. /V. Khizanishvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.73-76. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Business ethics has arisen in the USA several decades ago. Business ethics explores the established ethical principles and problems in the business environment. The business ethics is a study about business situations, business activities and business decisions, where the issues of right and wrong are discussed. In terms of defining the business ethics’ right and wrong, naturally raises the question of compliance with the law, because, there is really a significant coincidence between ethics and law. Business ethics has the essential importance for long-term successful functioning to any company or firm.

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12.A3.32. The concept of formation and implementation of the restructuring policy in industrial production. /J. Anpilohova/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.77-82. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The concept policy formulation and implementation of restructuring of industrial production and the regulation of economic behavior of market service and economic relations are substantiated. Ref. 9.

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12.A3.33. Formation of industrial policy under resource constraints. /S. Matiyko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.83-87. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Defined are information and methodological aspects of decision-making and models of industrial policy under resource constraints. The methods of industrial policy (within the meaning and nature of exposure to the object) are analyzed. Ref. 7.

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12.A3.34. The prospects of social and economic development of mountain regions of Georgia. /G. Maisuradze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.88-91. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The prospects of socio-economic development of mountain regions and their role in the country’s economy are discussed. The national economy is becoming more and more territorial. The development of mountain regions and landscapes is a process going under the joint impact of natural and economic factors in the natural-territorial complex. Considerations on and recommendations for the elaboration of a proper economic policy are given. Ref. 7.

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12.A3.35. Effective leadership in modern management. /I. Dikhaminjia/. Journal gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – #7. – pp 43-51. – geo.; abs.: eng., geo.

Researches in the psychology of leadership show that the best manager should also be a leader. The problem of having a competent and responsible leader is most urgent and complex in the world of business. Traditional models of leadership fail to cope with new economic and political problems. Modern and innovative intellectuals are in great demand under conditions of globalization. The successful leader is judged not by what and how he does, but by how he manages to make others do it. Leadership is very important at any level in large, medium and small enterprises and is thus the main ingredient of the effective management. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.36. Social responsibility of business in Georgia. /L. Takalandze/. Journal gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N9. – pp 28-40. – rus.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper is dedicated to research of the theory and practice of social responsibility of business in Georgia, experience of Georgian companies in realization of the forms of corporative social responsibility. It provides an overview of the trends of business development in the country, the role of the state in formation of a favourable environment for business development, responsibility of the business to the stakeholders, both, internal and external (relations with the employees, labor remuneration, production of high quality goods. participation in the environmental protection, charity and sponsorship, care about the company’s goodwill, etc.), awareness of the public about company’s social programs. It also provides reasoning of significance of the conception of social responsibility for successful development of Georgian companies. Ref. 9.

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12.A3.37. Some aspects of the improvement of corporate tax planning. /Z. Lipartia/. Journal gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N10. – pp 26-39. – geo.; abs.: eng., geo.

The article deals with the improvement of tax planning – one of the most important functions of the financial management of a corporation. The foreign experience of a tax system organization (UK, France, Italy and Germany) is discussed. In almost all western countries liberalization of the basic income tax and corporate income tax system appears to be the main direction of this system’s reform; in particular, tendencies for reducing income tax have been identified in most EU Member States lately. Today, the tax planning issues lack a uniform, consistent and science-based approach. According to the level of management differentiated are types of the state, corporate and individual tax planning. The tax planning process’ algorithm cannot be considered as full and unambiguously consistent activities, the strict compliance with which will inevitably lead to a reduction of the taxable amount; however, their complete disregard may also cause a significant growth of the taxable amount of the company’s (firm’s) tax base. Consequently, given the corporate tax planning practices, the perfection of the main planning principles and the process characteristics, tax optimization methods and "tax pressure" may make it possible to further improve the tax planning aimed at improving the corporate financial situation of corporations. Tab. 2, Ref. 11.

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12.A3.38. Tax aspects of interest gains control. /R. Korchilava/. Journal gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N11-12. – pp. 52-59. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The important issues of interest gain control, the handling of which would significantly increase the taxable base, are discussed. A study of taxes shows that the tax administration forms greatly influence the rates of development of a country. It should be noted that the correct tax policy has an important role in the stable development of the country. The improvement of tax administration is one of the typical problems in Georgia. Given this, it is important that scientists and economists participated in the process of the formation of this issue. The methods of administration where the interests of both the State and the taxpayer will be maximally taken into account should be developed. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.39. Coase theorem and its application in modern Georgian marketing reality (Part II). /G. Rusiashvili, N. Ketsbaia/. Journal Gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N3. add. – pp. 36-47. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In March 2001, Michael Porter wrote an article in the Harvard Business Review on the challenge the Internet presented to strategy making, and to the models he had developed to help explain strategic decisions and achieve competitive advantage. A decade later, it seems useful to review his arguments, understand the implications of the Internet for today’s strategy-makers and, in particular, consider the impact of the Internet on small business. This impact is examined based on the Coase article The Problem of Social cost published in 1960 on theoretical postulates of free market regulatory capabilities and zero social transactions and well defined property rights, which are subject of different failures in real life situation. Finally, the article (which is presented in two parts) concludes with some thoughts on the significance of e-business in modern business – to be examined for the first time in Georgia. Tab. 2, Ref. 18.

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12.A3.40. Tax budget system and administration issues. /K. Basilaia/. Journal Gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N4. add. – pp. 32-42. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The State tax and budget system is a combination of legally defined ways and means to ensure the protection and meeting of tax legislation, accuracy of tax computations and their timely payment in the budget and state funds. The tasks of audit control in the tax and budget system are: (i) the supervision of the activity of control objects; (ii) analysis and forecast-planning of received information; (ii) prevention of law breaches; (iv) accounting breaches and finding their causes; (v) prevention of unlawful activity; (vI) identification of infringers and making them answerable. The audit activities should be carried out in following sequence: identification of the type, structure and management of an enterprise; identification and assessment of the accounting system; determination, assessment and audit of the internal control structure; checking of the accounts, balance and their compliance with the accounting standards.

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12.A3.41. On the problems of attraction of foreign investments to Georgia and their solution. /B. Nakopia/. Journal Gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2013. – N3, add. – pp. 36-45. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

For the purpose of attraction of foreign investments and implementation of investment projects in Georgia it is necessary to create a good investment climate. The investment attractiveness is a generalized parameter and the investment activity is a parameter resulting from it that determines an actual development of the investment activities. The investment attractiveness in return depends on two system parameters: investment potential and investment risks of the country. These two parameters in particular are to determine the investment attractiveness of the social and economic system. As regards the investment climate of the country, subject to the aforementioned, in 2011, the relations existing between Georgian and Russia were specified as the risk factor assigned to Georgia by Moods Investors Service. In particular these strained relations along with several other ones hinder Georgia in the attraction of additional investments. As regards the investors, they manage to invest funds to our country, notwithstanding the current situation. Due to a high risk on such investments, they demand a high risk premium as compared to investments implemented in developed economies. In particular, our country aimed at development should obtain investments from our neighbor countries, such as Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Russia. At the same time, it is necessary to continue relations with the internationally recognized and well-known financial organizations and other donor countries, with which the country has already established certain relations. Fig. 1, Tab.1, Ref. 6.

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12.A3.42. Wholesale market of food – key instrument providing people with food product. /Sh. Khubunaia/. Journal Gadasaxadebi (Taxes). – 2012. – N4-5. – pp. 69-74. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Wholesale market of food allows real overcoming of the obstructions existed in every state, including Georgia, such as disparity of prices among agricultural products, producers of food and those producing recycling material resources. Consequently, for the purpose of creating a civil form of distributing such food production to the population in the country – a wholesale market of food – a respective governmental program stipulating the basic directions, terms, domain and source of financing needs to be developed..

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12.A3.43. Contemporary tendencies of globalization. /S. Pavliashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 26-32. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Globalization is considered as a process of world economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The process of globalization is characterized as a unity of certain factors, the important one of which is to ensure membership in international organizations, such as WTO, Euro-Atlantic Alliance, European Union, etc. There is a positive and negative assumption of the globalization process in the society. Globalization does not have to be considered as an unambiguous evaluation – either positive or negative. It covers both. The process of globalization gives the opportunity to increase production, salaries and raise the standard of living for improving the conditions of all the participants. The negative aspects associated with are not a sufficient ground to reject the process. This is an objective inevitability and every subject of the international community has to become accustomed to it. Ref. 13.

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12.A3.44. Globalization and the competitive potential of Georgia. /S. Pavliashvili, B. Kitsmarishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 32-36. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Competitiveness of Georgia is mainly based on the use of comparative national advantages and mechanisms of price competition. An analysis of the competitive potential revealed that despite the current unattractive state, the country has a number of competitive advantages. First of all, Georgia has a favourable geopolitical location and can serve as an important transport corridor; second, the availability of relatively cheap and skilled labour force is important for developing the human capital and high technology use prospects. Ref. 8.

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12.A3.45. Georgia and regional economic globalization. /G. Tkeshelashvili, L. Bochoidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 43-45. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Economic globalization is an inevitable process and Georgia, despite its poorly developing economy, has to promote this process. Geopolitical location of the country is convenient for regional globalization. The shortest way, which connects Europe with Asia, passes through the territory of Georgia. For the purpose to increase the transit competitiveness of transport, Georgia should improve transport infrastructure and take necessary organizational measures. These include: the State support of the transport field to attract cargos; constant coordination with Central Asian countries and regulation of tariffs; reduction of rates for loading and unloading works to compete with the ports of Russia and Turkey.

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12.A3.46. Corruption anatomy and its impact on international business. /T. Shengelia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 46-51. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Corruption is known to adversely affect national economies in all circumstances. In addition, as the research by well-known scientists shows, these regularities are not working in all the cases. In the countries, where inefficient system of management dominates, the corruption may replace the rule of law and give stimulus to the economy. As a result, in a short-term period, corruption may render a positive impact on economic growth of the country. Ref. 12.

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12.A3.47. Globalization of the economy in the context of synergy paradigm. /N. Grajevskaya/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 58-61. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

In this article the limitations of the methodology and tools of neoclassical economics in the study of modern globalization is analyzed. Development of new approaches to the organization of economic research the author connects with the IT revolution in modern science that was marked by opening of the nonlinearity and the variability in the development of complex systems. Analysis of the main theoretical and methodological innovations of economic synergies allows making the conclusion about the prospects of globalization studies in the new "system of coordinates", taking into account those aspects of reality that are most typical for the present stage of social and economic changes: nonlinearity, alternatively, instability, disequilibrium, emergence. Ref. 11.

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12.A3.48. A macroeconomic mechanism of poverty reduction in Georgia. /R. Abesadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 67-70. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Solution of the poverty problem is impossible without a relevant policy pursued by the State. For this reason it is recommended for the country to have a macroecnomic mechanism of poverty reduction. It should include: legal base for regulation, instruments of regulation, system of indicators, system of activities of regulations, and relevant regulatory bodies. The paper defines the purpose of all the elements of macroeconomic mechanisms of poverty reduction and the ways of overcoming the poverty in Georgia.

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12.A3.49. Innovative development of planning in national economy. /O. Kaportseva/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 75-79. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the methodical planning of innovative development at the macro, meso and micro levels. Efficiency of the results of research, development, research and technological projects and innovation projects are assessed in the national economy. Also, the challenges and recommendations for addressing them are described. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.50. The essence and components of investment activities. /P. Kukhta/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 80-83. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with the essence and components of the mechanism of investment activities at an enterprise; principles of forming this mechanism are generalized, the sequential implementation of which will enable to invest at an optimal speed. Ref. 15.

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12.A3.51. Gender economy – woman in business. /M. Tetruashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 89-93. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Research of gender aspects in business and economy in general is given more and more attention among various directions of economic thought. As already noted, studying of gender aspects of economy was observed in the 60-70s of the last century. The methodology of research of gender problems in economic science is so diverse that it sometimes leads to rather inconsistent conclusions. Nevertheless, the role of this research for the development of a new scientific direction – “gender economy” is important. Female business in the 80s became a powerful economic force in the countries of Western Europe and the USA. A majority of small enterprises used to be founded by women. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.52. Peculiarities of realization of world money functions in the global monetary economics. /G. Tsaava/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 94-98. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the issues related to the theoretical understanding of circulation of means of payment in the function of world money, which remains an important stumbling block of the theory of international monetary relations; under the current conditions, they require further study and research. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.53. Development of social responsibility of business in Georgia. /L. Takalandze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 99-102. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article is dedicated to study of the theory and practice of social responsibility of business in Georgia, experience of Georgian companies in realization of the forms of corporate social responsibility. It elucidates the role of the government in formation of the favorable environment for business development, responsibility of business to the stakeholders, both internal and external ones, public awareness in social programs of the company, and justifies significance of the concept of social responsibility for successful development of Georgian companies. The article specifies the key factors limiting the social responsibility of business (SRB) in Georgia and emphasizes the necessity of stimulation of SRB development in Georgia by the government through reduction of taxes, beneficial crediting of the social projects etc., as the most effective ways of motivation of socially responsible behavior of the companies. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.54. Essence, meaning and expression peculiarities of the world economy globalization. /T. Kiladze, M. Zubiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 103-105. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the essence and meaning of the globalization of the world economy and the positive and negative sides of it. Short definitions about the essence of globalization made by foreign and Georgian economists of science in economic literature are described and more precise and perfect definition is given. Attention is paid to a dual nature of the process of globalization, its objective and subjective sides. Possibilities of positive results and reasons of negative consequences are specifically listed. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.55. Key issues of crop insurance. /A. Tsertsvadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 119-122. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Crop insurance is a branch of agricultural insurance, which provides for insuring growing crops against individual and many risks. Crop insurance is very important for agricultural development. The main function of crop insurance is the stabilization of revenue. It allows the insured farmer to be compensated for financial loss caused by the insured risk. The different forms of crop insurance are discussed. For developing the crop insurance business, the insurer needs professional and technical assistance from agronomists and actors. The article also deals with the essence of agriculture plans, index insurance, obligations of the insurer and policy-holder, insurance coverage and exceptions. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.56. Trends and prospects of forming a state policy of economic modernization in Georgia. /D. Vekua, L. Jangulashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 123-127. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper shortly deals with the present complicated situation in the economy of Georgia, one of the basic reasons of which is the inconsistent policy of economic modernization. According to the author, successful implementation of modernization is connected with economic diversification, business creativity, innovative management, effectiveness of using public finances, new understanding of the role and functions of Georgia as a transit country under the conditions of modernization, and the process of qualitative transformation of agriculture. The author thinks that these steps will be productive in case the state program on economic modernization is formed. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.57. Basic problems and ways of providing business with labor resources in the economy of Georgia. /M. Zubiashvili, L. Zubiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 136-139. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

With the transition to a market economy, the labor potential of Georgia has been constantly reduced. The basic problems of labor market of Georgia are connected with both the demographic and the extended economic crisis of the country. The main manpower resources of the national economy and the directions of solving this problem in the mid-term period of the development are specified. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.58. Factors affecting the sale of commodities. /G. Shanidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 140-143. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The sale of commodities is affected by many factors: correct arrangement of goods in the trading hall; their appropriate packaging; an organized and helpful assistant; convincing the customer that the goods bought by him will certainly be useful for him. A good selling agent has to possess definite technical skills: a distinguished selling agent should be the partner of the company’s marketing service where he is employed. A selling strategy should be orientated on customers and their influence. The better we know the customers, the easier we realize the selling strategy; a successful selling strategy does not mean working out far-reaching plans or any sly methods at all; it means to understand the customer’s mood, to know the risk factors affecting the customer’s hesitation in making a decision. The experience shows that there are always ways of increasing the efficiency of current selling, for which it is not necessary to raise the investments in large quantity. That is why it is better to manage and solve the problems that interfere with the sale of commodities by the rational and efficient use of the available resources. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.59. Cheap loans – an important factor in the development of small business. /G. Khantadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 144-147. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Relationship with the banking sector is essential for any business, both in terms of service and crediting. For a small business bank loans are vital, its development is impossible without capital. Social and economic benefits of small business to a large extent depend on the stability of banks. The improvement of the issues of employment and the reduction of unemployment in Georgia are directly dependent on the expansion and support of small business by issuing cheap bank loans. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.60. Business under the conditions of globalization. /K. Kitsmarishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 148-151. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Many companies producing consumer goods are managing their business like transnational corporations in order to adapt their production to the requirements of local markets. Today, many large and widely known companies are trying to globalize the management structure and for that abolish artificial geographical barriers. Such a global type of organizations has been coined “without borders”. The aim of such organizations is to ensure the maximum globalization of business on the basis of a geocentric approach. The global transformation process of one of the companies during a definite period is considered. Generally, such process is implemented in three stages: passive stage, first active measures, and permanent international activity. Each further stage requires more global investments and correspondingly is connected with increased risk. Ref. 8.

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12.A3.61. Macroeconomic theories and their pragmatic meaning. /M. Gelashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 152-155. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The macroeconomic theories that influence the modern macro economy are discussed: neoclassical, neoclassical, Keynesian, monetary, institutional, and new macroeconomic schools. Unfortunately, none of the economic theories with its classical form have been used in the economic policy of the transition period in Georgia. The article makes it clear that the own socio-economic and cultural values of the country should be considered while working out the proper economic policy. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.62. Main aspects of classical balance theories. /N. Gvaramia, G. Kiparoidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 156-158. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the important role of accounting at the modern stage, mainly in the issues of theory of management and practice improvement; in particular, in terms of the methodological aspects of retrieval, analysis and processing of economic information concerning the financial management. The classical balance theories (static, dynamic and organic) are discussed to form a complete understanding on their legal aspect. The opinions of the authors of the classical balance theories and the development tendencies of said theories in line with modern requirements are given as analytical conclusions. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.63. Psychology of management and importance of technologies of business relations. /N. Gvedashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 159-165. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The manager has regular contact with senior management, hired employees, colleagues, customers, partners and with others. How professional he does it depends on the efficiency of his work, how he is doing business etc. Specialists in any field of their activities should be dependent on the knowledge of human values and requirements, so that they can guess the human resources and the desire to meet them. All these are carried out both during the moral-psychological and business contacts. Of course, knowledge of psychology helps us in providing motivation of behavior and influences on the behaviors of individuals; it is necessary to organize the work in such a way that it does not cause any stress in human resources. These and other important issues are given in the article. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.64. General principles of financial calculation and accounting. /S. Bliadze, M. Bliadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 166-169. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The financial accounting includes information which allows characterizing a company’s financial condition, financial results and the factors affecting their changes. Financial statements are a structurally established picture of an enterprise’s financial condition and economic operations carried out thereby, showing also the outcomes of management of the resources entrusted to the company managers. The purpose of financial statements is to inform a wide range of users about the enterprise’s financial standing, operations and changes of financial conditions. The financial accounting prepared for this reason meets general demands of the majority of consumers. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.65. Some issues of the national investment policy. /A. Devadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 170-173. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

One of the priority directions of economic reforms in Georgia is to work out and realize an investment policy that ensures high pace of economical development and raises economical effectiveness. Today, an approach towards foreign investment and its role has not been realized yet on the governmental and political level. The governmental policy principles, as well as active mechanisms of government policy regulations have not been sufficiently worked out. In order to raise investment inflow in Georgia, a united government policy aimed at creating the favorable climate and improvement of the country’s investment attractiveness should be worked out and consistently implemented. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.66. International strategic alliance and mechanism of its organization. /V. Gurabanidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 174-177. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The International Strategic Alliance (ISA) provides for a joint utilization of resources and management structures of two or more organizations located in two or more countries. The strategic significance of ISA for its participants is achievable under international institutional agreements. The decision-making process related to the establishment of ISA consists of four stages: (i) analysis of the positive and negative aspects of making ISA; (ii) generalization of the proposals related to the ISA setting up; (iii) agreement of the presentations elaborated by the initiator companies with potential partners; (iv) use of the results achieved at the earlier stages in working out recommendations on the improvement of ISA organization and management. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.67. Some aspects of currency risk management in Georgia (recommendations to the commercial bank customers). /N. Shonia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 190-195. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Any bank product is associated with certain risks, an analysis and assessment of which will definitely help the customers to make rational decisions, especially in the case of deposits and/or loans. The currency risk belongs to this category. The presented study has shown that only a few commercial banks offer the tools for foreign exchange risk management to their customers in Georgia. In particular: JSC TBC Bank, JSC Bank Republic, JSC VTB Bank Georgia and JSC Bank of Georgia. Respectively, the number of the actual consumers is rather small. During the research two main reasons were outlined – the information vacuum concerning the main point and management (hedging) of currency risks and the cost of hedging. Ref. 9.

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12.A3.68. International experience of professional certification of accountants and the related practice in Georgia. /L. Tchumburidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 204-209. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work concerns the international experience of professional certification of accountants and the review and evaluation of the existing practice in the above-mentioned field in Georgia. The work emphasizes that the qualification requirements to a professional accountant and an auditor are the same and are not considered as different professions in the international practice. After the evaluation of the international practice and the existing practice in Georgia, suggestions have been made to improve the compliance of professional certification of accountants in Georgia with the international practice. Ref. 8.

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12.A3.69. Deflation – hindrance to business development. /L. Eliava/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 210-212. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Deflation (negative inflation), if it lasts for a long time, has a negative impact on economic development in general. In the short term, it significantly reduces business activity in a country. In Georgia, as a result of the deflation processes commenced in the second half of 2011 in Georgia, the volume of consumption and consumer price index has dramatically fallen. Formed in 2012, the negative inflation may have a negative impact on business activity, such as the slowing down of business activity as a consequence of the fall in the price level, lower incomes, worsening financial statements and complicated access to credits.

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12.A3.70. Globalization origin, development and current problems. /M. Moistrapishvili, T. Kamkhadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 213-216. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with historical conditions of globalization, its development, content, its impact on the economy, social issues, politics, education, global market. Information systems have greatly accelerated the movement of financial capital, which may lead to a collapse of the sustainable economic system. The paper explains the essence of economics and its connection with globalization. Evaluations of modern scientists on globalization are presented. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.71. Empowering investors to make informed investment decisions – rationale and limitations of disclosure as the tool for investor protection in EU. /S. Jibuti/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 217-225. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper discusses the rationale and the limitations of the disclosure tool for achieving effective investor protection and addresses the problem of defining the notion of “EU retail investor”. It considers the findings of the behavioural economics about the limited cognitive capabilities of investors, who find it difficult to process the supplied information. It is argued that the disclosure cannot be seen as a potent tool for the retail investor protection unless it is supported by a complementary measure, such as financial literacy. Moreover, the recent reforms, which still refer to the dubious notion of “average retail investor’’ and are concentrated on reducing the size and the complexity of the disclosure document, while still striving to empowering investors with the information, will not be successful unless the issue of investor education and the fragmented EU retail markets is addressed appropriately. The paper is sceptical whether the current reality of obvious differences between retail markets, investment patterns, behaviour, tradition etc. in EU Member States gives the strong basis for success of standardized rules, which are the main goal of EU regulators. It seems more reasonable first to address the problem of fragmentation of market and develop comparable level of investor competence in different EU member states, before starting to achieve standardization in the EU securities disclosure. Ref. 34.

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12.A3.72. Financial-economic crisises of the globalization age. /N. Achuashvili, I. Goderdzishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 234-237. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The theory of “big waves” by the Russian scientist D. Kondratieff that is closely related to the evolutionary theory of innovations by J. Schumpeter is considered. Within the given view are offered some conclusions: global financial and economic crises are a product of the post-modernist transition period, which economic maintenance is expressed in transformation of industrial economy to the post-industrial. The major reason of financial and economic crises is fast and uncontrolled distribution of financial innovations, which destroy the equilibrium of financial markets. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.73. Current problems of globalization in Georgia. /I. Prangishvili, I. Salukvadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 245-246. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

World globalization involves more and more new countries in its whirlpool. Georgia is naturally being engaged in this process. While specialists are engaged in studying this new and insufficiently explored phenomenon, looking for its definition and working out various concepts, it unequivocally enters our lives and greatly influences the mode of thinking and behavior of each of us. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.74. Marketing problems and the ways of their elimination in the agrarian sector of Georgia. /G. Mamuladze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 283-286. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with the modern state and development tendencies existing in the agrarian sector of Georgia. It is mentioned that Georgia may, thanks to its natural-climate conditions, produce ecologically safe products in the amount to meet the domestic market demands and even export them. Given the State’s important role in developing the agrarian sector, a proper attention to the formation of a right marketing strategy should also be given in order to determine the prospects of company development and evaluate the marketing and innovation potential. Ref. 5.

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12.A3.75. Innovation problems in farms. /M. Shalamberidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 287-289. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Georgia creates a new system on the basis of the already implemented or implementable reforms that intentionally or unintentionally are influenced by the globalization process which accompanies the given stage of development. The transition phase is characterized of innovation problems that require immediate response from the government and the conduct of the appropriate reforms that are aimed at the growth of various economic indicators. First of all, it must necessarily involve farms so that the village would regain its function which has been lost lately. In particular, it is necessary to develop the rural – agricultural infrastructure, to employ the rural population, to increase the domestic and export production, and to stir up innovation-related activities in order to cope with all these problems. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.76. Globalization – the main trend of the world economic development. /D. Jangulashvili, R. Javakhishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 18-25. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Globalization is the main trend of the development of the world economy. The most important determinant factors of the economic globalization are the creation of a single system of the world economy, which is associated with the epoch of capitalism development. On the way to the economic globalization the great role is played by transition from the closed national economic system to the open economy and the process of deepening the economic integration between countries. Two basic models have been outlined in the process of economic globalization: the neoliberal model – market-based mechanisms of the economic development and second model, which means economic development and management through targeted social and economic programs. The key roles in the globalization process play Transnational Corporations (TNC) together with a group developed countries and international financial-economic organizations. TNCs have huge industrial, scientific and market potentials; they create the world GDP and control the major part of the international trade and investment. In the future, the role of TNCs will be increased in the economic development and globalization together with the development of the transnationalization process. Ref. 7.

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12.A3.77. Necessity of risk analysis and stress tests in the banking sector. /G. Khantadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 32-37. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Negative shocks for the financial system are considered: depreciation of Georgian lari, decrease in the speed growth of real gross domestic product, increase of interest rate and decrease of confidence in the financial system being evidenced by drain of deposits. An analysis of different shocks shows that the main risk for the system is depreciation of the currency rate caused by high level of dollarization. The stress test is aimed at intends at complementing the measurement of risks under abnormal market conditions with the estimation of potential economic losses of the bank in order to establish the bank sensitivity to variations of risk factors and identify the factors most affecting the bank portfolio. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.78. Importance and main functions of agricultural insurance. /A. Tsertsvadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 38-42. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Agricultural insurance is very important for developing the sector. It comprises insurance of harvest, cattle, forests, aquacultures and green-houses. The aim of agricultural insurance is to protect farmers and stabilize their revenues. Risks of production, natural resources, finances and marketing are very important for agriculture. The production risk-related dangers are: unfavourable climate, parasites or diseases and fires. The risks of natural resources include: unfavourable soil conditions, deterioration and lack of water. The following can be insured: annual harvest, harvest of many years, greenhouse harvest and forests. These crops can be insured against individual and many risks. The agricultural insurance products include insurance of costs of production and crop capacity. The article also reviews how to implement agricultural insurance, its main functions, liabilities of the insurer and policy-holder. Ref. 2.

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12.A3.79. The methods and ways of an economic analysis. /S. Bliadze, M. Bliadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 42-47. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

An economic analysis method implies a dialectical approach to the study of economic processes, their origin and development. The major task of analysis is all-round assessment of a business plan as well as of all kinds of plans and programs. The method also implies the use of all the rules and means which enable to study and evaluate the economic activity. An economic analysis considers all economic events in the development process in intercommunication. In the process of internal contradictions of an event, it identifies all that is new, developing and progressive. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.80. Knowledge management. /N. Didishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 47-48. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with an innovated scientific direction of the organization management – knowledge management. The factors that promoted its discovery are considered. Also, attention is paid to the importance of knowledge management for achieving a definite competitive advantage. Ref. 4.

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12.A3.81. World economic crisis and Georgia. /O. Vardiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 54-59. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The world still faces the acute economic crisis. A precondition of such a crisis was a rapid increase of prices of real estates in the USA and a large amount of mortgages, unsecured and high risk credits issued under variable interest rate. Mortgage crisis initiated in the USA resulted in a dramatic impact on the banks at first; it spread through the real estate market, occupied any and all sectors by the safety mechanism and developed throughout the world. As a result of these processes, the economy of America went into recession; consequently, all banks were closed one after another. It should be emphasized that the most significant obstacle of recession are the people themselves: the sense of pessimism emerging in the society changes its economic behavior, individuals become more prudent, reduce the risks and investments. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.82. The formation and development of egg market. /L. Kamarauli/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 72-75. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work pays great attention to the formation and development of egg market. The level of agricultural production and products, including eggs per head of population is considered. A particularly alarming situation is formed in respect to the available eggs and poultry meat export-import ratio. The study shows that the import of poultry meat exceeds the export 25 times, whereas the export-import ration makes sometimes 1:56. The studies show that in order to balance the eggs and poultry meat export-import ratio, poultry farms should be built in Georgia. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.83. The impact of services sector on export performance of manufacturing firms in transition economies. /G. Berulava/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.154-162. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The objective of the current paper is to explore the impact of services inputs on export performance of manufacturing firms in transition economies. The results of the study provide a new understanding of the consequences of trade liberalization in services sector. In particular, positive impact of services sector efficiency on export performance of manufacturers is revealed. Thus, advancing liberalization reforms in telecommunications, electric power, railway transport, road transport, and water distribution sectors as well as in banking sector will stimulate expansion of export activities of manufacturers. Along with services impact, we find that firm specific characteristics such as introduction of new products, investments in research and development, employment of advanced technologies, and employee skills are key drivers of export performance in manufacturing sector in transition economies. Firm’s size and foreign investments do matter as well. The results of the study have several policy implications. The first insight is that an efficient service sector infrastructure represents a strategic and underexploited resource of export enhancement that can be influenced by policy makers. To stimulate export performance of manufacturing industries policy makers must emphasize further reforms and liberalization of their services sectors. These reforms must be focused on providing adequate access to services for downstream industries and thus on reducing their costs of doing business. Moreover, government should create favorable conditions for attracting foreign direct investments and encourage investments in innovation, research and development, employment of advanced technologies. A final policy point is that reducing trade related costs through trade and customs procedures facilitation would also increase exports. Tab. 1, Ref. 18.

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12.A3.84. Impact of the average tax rate on the aggregate demand (Keynesian models). /I. Ananiashvili, V. Papava/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6, N2. – pp. 162-169. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Based on an analysis of a modified version of the standard Keynesian Model of a product market, it is shown that a change in the average tax rate has a complex effect on aggregate demand. Depending on the marginal propensity of households to consume and the marginal propensity for government purchases, an increase in the average tax rate may lead to either a decrease or an increase in aggregate demand. In this case, since the parameter of marginal propensities to purchase is easily regulated, by selecting its appropriate value the government can purposefully use a tax increase to stimulate or to reduce aggregate demand. Ref. 9.

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12.A3.85. Capitalization of mineral commodities – world and Georgian experiences. /A. Tvalchrelidze, A.Silagadze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012 . – V.6, N2. – pp. 170-173. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The recent world economic crisis had a huge impact on Georgia’s social and economic framework. The sole possibility to avoid the negative influence of global deteriorating economic tendencies is to base economic and, first of all, industrial development of the country on national natural resources and commodities. However, extensive use of Georgia’s mineral commodities is slowed down due to lack of possibility to capitalize them at early stages of exploration. The present article proposes a new economic method, which allows computing the Net Present Value of an eventual mining enterprise at the early stage of exploration. In turn, such analysis provides indicators not only for assessment of the volume of possible venture investment in exploration but also for immediate capitalization of eventual commodities on international commodity markets. Fig. 1, Ref. 10.

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12.A3.86. New approach to fixing natural gas tariffs. /S. Baratashvili, T.Tsabadze, T. Tsamalashvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 160-163. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The reliable and quality provision of natural gas is vital for society and therefore requires the state regulation. One of the main components of the regulation is the fixing of tariffs and an improvement of the existent methodology. It is shown that many of the parameters of natural gas sector are of an indefinite nature, which requires the development of novel approaches for their processing. The using of fuzzy sets is suggested as one of the ways to improve the determination and regulation of natural gas tariffs. In our opinion, this will allow the fixing of tariffs more adequate. In the present paper, the main tasks for the implementation of a new approach for foxing natural gas tariffs are considered. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.87. The modern concept of business engineering. /A. Sichinava, Z. Chkhaidze, Sh. Veshapidze, D. Sekhniashvili, N. Chikviladze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 284-287. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The concept of business engineering has gradually evolved from reengineering – a method of business reorganization and transformation of existing business processes. Its concept has been developed: a system of establishing business as an engineering science and means for designing and managing business processes on the innovative basis. A determining factor is approach, when business processes are the main object of management in an establishment and processing and projecting approach. In terms of processing approach organization is a set of processes (while in case of functional approach – a set of functions) and thus management of an establishment implies management of processes. Every process has its goal. Achievement of desirable results depends on their effectiveness. Every process has its sub-level goals. After achievement of sub-level goals higher level goals are being reached and finally the company’s goals. By managing processes and their constant update high effectiveness of a firm’s activity is achieved. Business engineering is related to many sciences. This interconnection (opportunity to resolve tasks and achieve goals on the basis of knowledge accumulated in variety of fields) indicates that it is an interdisciplinary phenomenon. Its division into separate directions was defined by the fact that at the modern stage in order to achieve high results it is necessary to ensure tight interconnection between "exact" sciences and natural sciences, engineering, humanity, economic, and legal disciplines: mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, construction, economics and business, marketing, management, jurisprudence, modern financial, information and communication, legal polytechnic, socio-cultural and cross-cultural fields, psychology, sociology, global technologies of mega economics and many others. Ref. 6.

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12.A3.88. Problems of investment efficiency optimization in innovation processes. /G. Amkoladze, I. Amkoladze, K. Kuchava, M. Lomsadze-Kuchava, N. Lortkipanidze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 304-307. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper discusses the use of innovative processes to optimize the investment. The process of innovation in the use of efficiency investments, as defined in the current process, is directly related to the use of optimization and efficiency of investments and specifies the basic factors that determine the innovation process in the volume of investments in the project. In particular, concrete innovative product, technical-economic characteristics, funding sources, the investment climate in the state, the innovative product development and market realization, innovation in the process of investment forecast period, the country's current political and economic stability, financial institutions, including currency stability, market competitiveness and others. Research results are important for the public, country and firms. Research results take into account practical requirements. This is also related to the necessity and importance of innovation and innovation processes in the use of efficiency investments, to create a calculation model.

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12.A3.89. Global challenges and the paradigm of liberal economy. /I. Kveselava/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 346-349. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The issue of historical destiny of modern capitalism and the paradigm of liberal economy is being actively discussed for about 10 years in certain circles of political elite, in the books of scientists and publications of publicists, in the newspapers and scientific magazines. It is supposed in the present paper that “modern capitalism has exhausted itself and does not fit the modern world standards”; Obviously, it is difficult to predict in what kind of system will the world live in the future, but scientists think that it could be more humanistic social-economic system – the Western type socialism and in the distant future it will be replaced by a non-party system – harmonious society. In January 2012 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, was said that the modern system of market economy turned out to be both unfair and unstable, and in addition it became unacceptable. Ref. 19.

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12.A3.90. Actual issues of the system of electronic service. /R. Abuladze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 214-219. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Study of the government e-service system revealed the key role of its introduction and development, as a mechanism of communication with citizens, meeting the requirements and reaching the prosperity of society. The e-service system is oriented on the users, satisfaction of their requirements and formation of friendly partnership. The article outlines the main potentials of the user-oriented government e-service system, such as: self-descriptiveness, interactivity, integrity, automatization, and transaction ability. The base, structure, model, characteristics of the e-service, user groups and implemented motives are presented. On the basis of assessment of e-service challenges and attractiveness, a system of specific actions is formed notable for: optimization of administering and service process; formation of relationship with citizens based on productivity and reliability; timely response of governmental organizations to the user requirements; formation of the e-service policy relevant to political and social landscapes; permanent perfection of the e-service applications; fast and direct access to the service; the e-government service security and confidentiality; formation of the e-service policy in accordance with global and local tendencies, etc. Tab.1, Fig.1, Ref. 12.

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12.A3.91. Construction of the possible OWA operator for evaluation of credit risks of investment projects. /G. Sirbiladze, I. Khutsishvili, B. Ghvaberidze./. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 310-315. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

In this work a decision support technology to minimize risks while choosing among competitive investment projects is proposed. The technology combines two fuzzy-statistical methods, providing two stages of investment projects’ evaluation. At the first stage preliminary selection of projects with small risks is made on the basis of the A. Kaufman’s Theory of Expertons. The second stage makes more precise decisions using the new possibile aggregation of OWA operator – AsPOWA. This instrument is applied to a relatively small number of projects, selected during first stage, to compare and sort out high-quality projects. For the latter, the recommendations to provide credits are made. The article provides calculation examples that explain the work of the offered technology. Tab. 4, Ref. 6.

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12.A3.92. OWA – type possible aggregations in the problem of the country’s political management. /G. Sirbiladze, O. Badagadze, Kh. Sirbiladze, G. Tsulaia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 316-321. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

In this work a new generalization of the OWA operator (introduced by R.R. Yager) is presented. Our focus is directed on the construction of the aggregation OWA operator – AsFPOWA in the possible uncertainty environment. For the illustration of the applicability of the new aggregation operator – AsFPOWA an example of the fuzzy decision making problem regarding political management is considered, where we study a country that is planning its fiscal policy for the next year. Several variants of the new aggregation operator are used for the comparing of decision making results. Tab. 5, Ref. 5.

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12.A3.93. Problems of market-oriented management and tasks in enterprises. /M. Okhanashvili, L. Petriashvili, M. Khartishvili/.Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 440-444. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Perfection of enterprise management is closely connected with the effective use and organization of marketing and other economic categories. Creation and implementation of computer facilities and new information technologies in this sphere is one of the urgent problems. Fig. 3, Ref. 3.

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12.A3.94. Genesis and evolution of transnational companies. /A. Abralava, G. Sulashvili, N. Pailodze, O. Khutsishvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 311-316. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Since their emergence, the transnational companies have undergone considerable changes as the consequence of evolution of the international division of labor, as well as evolution of factors of production, their intensification and integration. Tab. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.A3.95. Theoretical prerequisites for existence of natural monopolies (by the gas and water example). /A. Markosyan, M. Mkrtumyan, T. Martirosyan, V. Harutyunyan/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 151-155. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The theoretical prerequisites for existence of natural monopolies, their origin, privileges and destination are presented. The introduction of the governmental control in the sphere of anti-competitive policy in Armenia started actually from naught, for in the past the management of economy had been carried in an administrative-directive way which impeded free economic competition. The experience shows that achievements in the economic reforms (especially in the transition economies) greatly depend on the state structure, which balances the monopolistic processes and regulates competitive relationships. A complex of measures directed at the restriction of the activity of monopolies, prevention of monopolistic agreement, also at the creation of a competitive environment should be worked out in the sphere. Ref. 19.

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12.A3.96. The modern problems of economy management. /K. Sokhadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 171-175. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

It is mentioned that economic reforms carried out in Georgia failed to touch such indicators as population employment, small and medium business development, creation of a real system of social protection, etc. These are the indicators that are less liable to the manipulation with figures and statistical data and actually reflect the society’s level of development. Ref. 3.

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12.A3.97. Economic risk and its management (risk management). /O. Keshelashvili, N. Damenia/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. 2013. – #4. – pp. 6-14. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Risk reduction means a possibility of reducing the loss or probability of occurrence of unwanted conditions. Despite the probabilistic nature, the risk needs management, and in many cases it can really be successful. Risk management requires: (i) creation of a work program and methodology; (ii) risk assessment and analysis; (iii) setting measures for risk reduction or elimination; establishment of risk management units; risk preduction. Risk management (which is used in the management process to prevent reduction of income) is based on: risk avoidance, risk to take, risk insurance, risk transfer to the third person, and various methods of reducing losses. The most popular and effective methods of protection against risks include: insurance, reservation or self-insurance, diversification and limitation.

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А4. Education

12.A4.1. Distance learning methods, models and technology. /N. Christesiashvili, R. Papiashvili, T. Lominadze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 52-54. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article deals with the methods and technologies used in order to create the distance learning environment and e-learning courses. The didactical, instructional design tools and techniques are emphasized. The problems of target group determination for distance learning and realization of the principle of individual learning are considered. Ref. 13.

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12.A4.2. Process of theoretical comprehension of private education as a new social phenomenon. /N. Boretskaya/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 50-56. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Defined is the strategy for public and private universities in the education market of Ukraine. Explored are the ways to enhance the efficiency of private universities through the mechanism of competition. Ref. 8.

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12.A4.3. Role of the state in the provision of lifelong education system with predictable labour market dynamics. /O. Stsiban/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 57-63. – eng.; abs.: eng.

A system of regulation of “education throughout life” is grounded. Directions of the formation of educational services in Ukraine are defined. Ref. 8.

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12.A4.4. The issue of differentiated teaching of marketing and economics on different faculties. /M. Gvelesiani/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 52-57. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The marketing theory is developing in parallel to the general direction of economic sciences. Due to this it has a narrow usage. For this reason L. McConnell and C. Brew called it as a science about “making money”. Since this theory has no methodological basis, it cannot generalize its subject of study. As a result, the economic is unable to give a necessary evaluation to the marketing tendencies, which make systematic changes in modern economy and, in general, public structures – which reaches the bottom of the relations of a producer and a costumer. If this drawback is overcome, it will enable us not only to enrich general economic disciplines with necessary generalizations but to make these disciplines more interesting both for economic and non economic students. It is clear that an approach to teach the common theoretical issues concerning marketing – their connection with the practice – should vary according to faculties. Ref. 3.

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12.A4.5. Strengths and weaknesses of the concept of education and science reform. /Iasha (Jacob) Meskhia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 62-66. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the paper it is proved that the educational reforms carried out in the last years in Georgia have failed to provide improvements of quality of teaching system and scientific researches. The SWOT analysis of the new concept of reform of education and science manifests its strengths and weaknesses. It is stated that Georgia is still not able to provide appropriate intellectual and financial resources to introduce the Tenure System and Harnack’s principle; moreover, the strategy to copy them mechanically in Georgia can seriously endanger the process of development of this field. Finally, it is concluded that the concept of the reform of education and science should be mainly based on the European model together with rich experience accumulated in the country, native customs and traditions, financial opportunities and other specific circumstances and peculiarities.

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12.A4.6. Issues of economy of science and education in modern Georgia. /L. Charekishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 132-135. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

There is a view on inevitability of uniting science, education and scientific-technological progress (STP) in knowledge-base economy (but there also is one remark: further development of STP in Georgia is now impossible due to the lack of necessary funds). Since the 21^st century science has partly united with education in the post-soviet Georgia. In 1995-2005, the number of scientific workers declined dramatically. As the revealing of potential in this field has become increasingly difficult and fewer funds are assigned by the state, we are facing a massive brain-drain. Other problems to mention are the closure of many educational institutions, low salaries, etc. Georgian entrepreneurs have no funds for financing scientific researches. The formation of a self-organizing economic system for science and education is seen as a way out from this impasse. Ref. 6.

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12.A4.7. Globalization and some problems in the system of education in Georgia. /L. Menteshashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 393-396. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Globalization means unification, getting together. It has no borders and to a certain extent means to regulate life in a new manner. The process of globalization goes very quickly in the educational system of Georgia. Whatever attractive it may be, the blind and exact copying of it is inadmissible. We are not against the introduction of novelties in the system of education, but they should be based on the national ground, our centuries-old culture; national originality should be preserved in the Georgian school and not be endangered. Ref. 5.

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12.A4.8. Problems of purposefulness and self-realization of a student according to “reflexive pedagogy”. /N. Chakhunashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 397-400. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Reflexion is a deep recollection of a student’s activities, including the past actions. The finding of the ways for organizing a learning process, solving the problems, analyzing the results and determining the future tasks depend on it. Out of the factors affecting the quality of reflexion mention should be made of the heterogeneity of their forms which are related to age, individual and other characteristics. Also, in the process of reflexion, the method of psychological approach has to be pointed out. Therefore, reflexion is the period of emotional and mental condition, which helps her/him to realize the way and content of the whole process. A student accepts its results and can manage to set up even more difficult future tasks. Ref. 4.

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12.A4.9. Project method in the foreign language teaching process. /M. Baramidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 401-404. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the teaching process of a foreign language the important role is given to communication skills development and the target language learner’s active involvement in the learning process. A method of working on the project creates alternative conditions for further strengthening the linguistic competence. The learner’s interests are fully taken into consideration in the project. Within the cooperation he/she himself acts as the author of the idea, plans and manages every step. The project method is the way to get knowledge creatively, starting on initiative and in a limited time, and ending with the presentation of the product. During the whole process, its participants realize the linguistic potential in a new intercultural-communicative situation. Ref. 3.

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12.A4.10. On some characteristics of teaching profession. /I. Basiladze, K. Kokhreidze, S. Panchulidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 405-409. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Teaching belongs to the group of professions whose object is a person. Its primary goal is human relationship. Teachers aim at forming and transforming of individuals. They strive to direct their intellectual, emotional and physical development, affect their inner world. If a teacher does not have an adequate relationship with the people he/she supervises, it means that the most important part is missing from their work. On the other hand professions of this type always require special knowledge and skills in certain fields. Teachers, as well as school administrators must have a clear idea about the activities of pupils whose process of development they are responsible for. Thus, pedagogical profession requires two types of preparation – in the field of human studies and knowledge of specialist. Ref. 6.

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12.A4.11. Psychology and pedagogy and problem of their relations in Dimitri Uznadze’s “Introduction to Experimental Pedagogy”. /I. Basiladze, N. Sokhadze, S. Panchulidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 410-413. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Out of the problems of theoretical pedagogy, Uznadze was most interested in the issue of interrelation of pedagogy and psychology. The reason for this is obvious, since first of all Uznadze is a psychologist and every form of human activities, including teaching and learning, he considers from the psychological standpoint. He believes that scientific pedagogy can be based only on the knowledge of the child’s psychology. The point, according to which the pedagogy, both theoretical and practical, must be constructed on the psychological knowledge, as a red line follows his scientific work (works with pedagogical and pedagogical-psychological content) devoted to educational problems. It seems clear that at the different stages of the author’s general psychological concept evolution, the various aspects of links between pedagogy and psychology were very topical. At the same time, the argumentation for substantiation of the stated point was undergoing changes and strengthening as well, but the author’s main credo on crucial importance of psychological knowledge of educational work remained invariable at all stages.

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12.A4.12. Self-education of willpower in adults. /N. Basiladze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 414-418. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Willpower plays a great role in a person’s self-education. According to the academician Dimitri Uznadze “the whole human personality is built on that”. The learner should show his willpower, first of all in his basic activity – studying. For some students this is more troublesome than doing physical activities. That's why willpower should be generated in learners from the early age which is the stable base of teaching and studying. First of all learner may aim to follow a day schedule than in case of turning it into a habit he should pass on generating more difficult features. While doing this, person should overcome indolence and self distrustfulness which becomes stimulus for a new determined behaviour. Ref. 6.

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12.A4.13. Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in higher education. /T. Jangulashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 233-435. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the benefits of using computer assisted language learning (CALL) method in learning and teaching a language. Nowadays CALL method is more effective in helping the students to comprehend materials, especially in language learning. It has many advantages. So, it’s necessary to observe the CALL method in developing listening, reading, speaking and writing skills. According to the researches the CALL method gave positive results on the students’ performance since the teacher gave her optimum guidance to the students who still got problem in their learning. It was found out that the students could improve their skills used CALL method. Ref. 4.

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12.A4.14. Globalization and pedagogical aspects associated with computer assisted language learning. /N. Bochorishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 453-456. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The increasingly worldwide use of English raises a number of pedagogical issues and the status of English as a world language is affecting on the teaching and learning methods. Traditional approaches to language teaching and learning have been challenged by new and innovative approaches based on the latest advances in computer and Internet technology. This article contains several constraints of computer assisted language teaching and learning. Ref. 7.

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12.A4.15. Teaching listening strategies. /N. Bluashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 466-469. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the problem of teaching listening skills/strategies to learners. Listening strategies cannot be learned in a day or in a week. It should be included in everyday lessons. Teachers should see to it that students can activate listening strategies which they previously learned during a lesson, and scaffold their understanding of new listening strategy use. Students should have reflection on their listening strategy use during or after the lesson. So, effective and ideal language instructors should help the learners to be introduced with native speaking, to be respondent to that both cognitively and orally. This can be conducted in different modes such as group discussion, classroom discussion, reflection journal, and interview. Ref. 4.

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12.A4.16. Strategies of writing. /N. Sherozia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 485-490. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The strategy of teaching involves the study of cognitive process or processes to purposefully use while studying. It helps students to develop critical thinking, have a better understanding of the use of certain tools for better remembering and during activities for achieving the desired results. Strategies are designed to teach students scientific, creative writing or writing for other personal purposes. Effective teaching and classroom training require active understanding. So it is important to introduce effecting writing strategies and teach how do use them. Ref. 4.

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12.A4.17. Efficiency of e-systems used for the management of educational process. /L. Imnaishvili, A Titvinidze, M. Bedineishvili, G. Datukishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 120-130. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper presents opportunities of Students' Academic Attendance Monitoring System and Teachers' Registration System that are implemented at the Georgian Technical University. Operation of these systems has revealed that besides general purpose they have additional features. It is shown that the systems are strong tools for monitoring students and teachers’ activities. Data, accumulated in the database by the systems, as a result of appropriate processing may be used successfully for the management measures. Tab. 1, Fig. 11, Ref. 5.

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12.A4.18. The issues of introduction of masters program “e-business” in Georgia. /D. Zautashvili, D. Lekveishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 175-179. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article discusses the world experience of teaching master program of e-business. General characteristic of e-business curriculum, its basic subjects and the list of skills necessary for an e-business master are considered. Also discussed are the perspectives of introduction of the e-business master program. Tab. 1, Ref. 9.

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А5. Informatics/Computer Science

12.A5.1. The market of biometric technologies and its analysis. /M. Chkhaidze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 42-45. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article deals with the issues concerning the modern solutions in the field of biometric technologies. The forecasts of the progress of the field, the state of arts and the prospects in this segment of informational technologies, and the position held by each technology or system on this market are analyzed. Ref. 3.

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12.A5.2. Development of information system of electronic service management of the Revenue Service. /T. Kaishauri, M. Chinchaladze, N. Kvelaidze, M. Barbakadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 27-29. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Information system of applications management in the activity of Revenue Service is discussed. Advantages of an electronic version of applications and effective service of the Revenue Service resulted from the system’s introduction are described. Ref. 4.

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12.A5.3. Problems management automation in processing systems. /G. Surguladze, G. Cherkezishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 30-33. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper discusses the problems of processing centers of financial institutions. Questions of software and technical management of the performance of financial transactions via plastic cards, as well as early detection and solving of problems are presented. The problems of the management of the automated analytical system concept, which is based on the business flow management technology, are given. The problems identified in the System Manager’s management software package to support the potential use of JIRA and the results of experiments are given. Fig. 3, Ref. 2.

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A12.A5.4. An automated control system for daily car parking. /N. Iashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 52-55. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

An automated system is designed for daily paid parking and temporary parking fixing the time of arrival, duration of parking and giving bills when leaving the camp. It is known that in the United States and in many European countries they use different methods, systems and equipment to control parking. Frequently they use special counters for payment. Our system is completely consistent with the charge parking and compatible to all the requirements and restrictions set by the dwelling of automated securities. The new automated system may be used in airports, railway stations, supermarkets, restaurants, stadiums, or other public places in different areas. The expected results of the use of the automated systems are: accurate paid parkings’ accounting, control and management of the parking systems. The owners of motor vehicles (drivers) will get service with improved protection of their vehicles provided by our system. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.

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12.A5.5. The project "Foundations of Logical Grammar of the Georgian Language and its Application in Information Technology" – grounding results and planned aims. /K. Pkhakadze, G. Chichua, M. Chikvinidze, Al. Maskharashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 65-71. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the paper we overview grounding results and planned aims of the project “Foundations of Logical Grammar of the Georgian Language and Its Application in Information Technology". The project is a joint endeavor of the Centre for Georgian Language Technology at the Georgian Technical University and the Department of IT at the Tbilisi State University. The project is planed on the basis of the Tbilisi State University State Priority Program “Free and Complete Programming Inclusion of a Computer in the Georgian Natural Language System” and aims to elaborate the historically first mathematical theory of the Georgian language – the logical grammar of the Georgian language and to construct the experimental version of the voice-managed i.e. talkie Georgian intellectual computer system to represent application value of this theory. Ref. 12.

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12.A5.6. Enterprise automation and its basic components. /M. Sulashvili, N. Pailodze, V. Kekenadze, I. Kutsia, M. Papiashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 74-79. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The mass usage of the up-to-date computer and telecommunication technologies as well as the creation of high-effective management information technologies have become the main trend of transformation of management, its radical improvement and the precondition of its adaptation to the modern environment. New computer-based technologies require radical changes in the management system, human resources and information communication of an organization. The implementation of Information technologies has a distinctive importance, as it improves the capacities of informational resources. Informational technologies change the management process, granting managers new possibilities of planning, organizing, managing and control. Fig. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.A5.7. The control system of physical volume model of artificial microclimate. /N. Kavlashvili, O. Labadze, L. Gvaramadze, T. Saanishvili, G. Kiknadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 116-120. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Getting statistical information (volume size of the object, the number of control actions, the type and capacity), as a rule, does not represent a problem, whereas the behavior of an object over time very often is uncertain even for the customer. In this case, the best way out for obtaining the necessary for design information would be to so model the control object as to ensure the obtaining of a picture where the control process is the closest to the reality. Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.A5.8. E-service system of the State Treasury. /T. Kaishauri, M. barbakadze, O. Shonia, N. Kvelaidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 143-146. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The State Treasury information system in the treasury service activity of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia is discussed. The State Treasury and the state budget funding, electronic relations of supervising bodies are considered. The benefits of the system’s introduction, such as total automation of business processes, fast service and formation of the system participants, are discussed. Ref. 4.

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12.A5.9. Computer vizualization of multy-link mechanisms with two degrees of freedom. /D. Tavkhelidze, M. Razmadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 177-182. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The article is devoted to the solution of problems of visualization of multi-link mechanisms using information technologies. To handle the said problem, the kinematic equations produced by the solution of the geometrical tasks for a five-link mechanism with two degrees of freedom have been used. The calculation methods are based on the usage of homogenous coordinates, where a set of couplers of curves are obtained. The main problem described here is connected with visualization of the movement of links of the mechanisms, which is extremely important for visibility study of constructions of given mechanical systems in connection with provision of optimal design of complicated mechanical systems. Fig. 10, Ref. 7.

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12.A5.10. Computer program implementation technology for failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) at energy companies. /M. Gudiashvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 244-248. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article represents the theoretical basis for the application and implementation of one of the most widely used computer program tools of failure mode and effect analysis at different power-supply companies. The critical analysis was conducted in one of the feeding substations of Tbilisi. The possible types of damage, the possible damage with expected results and the frequency were defined; the risk priority number was estimated and recommendations with an action plan were prepared. As a result of implementation of the FMEA, the product quality up to the world-class level will be improved and the probability of such damage will reduce. Tab. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.A5.11. Development of methodologies for effective planning of computer networks by means of the internet exchange center. /Z. Gasitashvili, M. Kiknadze, G. Kirtskhalia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 116-119. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Nowadays, the internet service is widely used in many cities of Georgia. Consumers have higher demands. Service centers have to buy the growing capacities to satisfy the demands of customers, which is connected with additional expenses. As a result, the cost of service is higher for the customer. Competition stimulates the provider not to increase fees. Therefore, a strategy of effective repair and re-equipment of networks, which do not require additional costs, is needed. Given the above, a technique for evaluating engineering strategies for improving networks is to be developed. The issue of network management without expanding the network is of urgency. In this case providers should manage the network by means of data communication on the basis of internal algorithms. Therefore, the actual problem is to develop a technique of effective network design and solve the actual network problems by its means. Fig. 3, Ref. 6.

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12.A5.12. Digital divide and problems of its overcoming. /O. Zumburidze, N. Zhizhilashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 146-150. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper refers to the issues of digital divide and bridging the digital divide as well as the indicators for the measuring of the digital divide level generally. The article reflects different aspects of the digital divide and different levels to solve the problems in this regard. Herewith the paper considers Information and Communication Tecnology (ICT) Development Index (IDI) as one of the most significant measure that serves to monitor and compare ICT developments across countries as well as provides its methodology considering the IDI composite index and its components: 3 sub-indices and corresponding 11 indicators and their weights for the calculation of the IDI value. The article reviews the performance of Georgia within ICT development and IDI results as well. Ref. 9.

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12.A5.13. Principles of design and functioning of stock-exchange information systems. /M. Tevdoradze, M. Saltkhutsishvili, S. Gogoladze, M. Gedevanishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 207-214. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

It is impossible to imagine the modern economically developed society without stock-exchange activity. In addition, today it is necessary to use information systems and technologies for efficient activity of stock markets. In this connection it should be noted that computerization of stock markets must be provided in two directions: usage of computer and network technologies and provision of information support. The given article described types of moder stock markets, there are discussed stock, commodity and currency exchanges, their functions and tasks. Also in the given article there are presented main steps of stock markets activity. It is mentioned that proceeding from the steps of stock market activity an information system must consist of certain modules. This modules during their functioning must satisfy certain demands. In the article there are characterized subsystems of stock exchange information system: applications and reports forming subsystem, trade subsystem, payments-clearing and depository subsystems, information and Administrative-control subsystems. There are given their functions, tasks, connections with other subsystems and demands, which must be taken into account while designing these subsystems. There are given main principles that should be followed during the procees of designing exchange information systems. Tab. 1, Fig. 1. Ref. 5.

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12.A5.14. Risk management in educational activities. /O. Shonia, T. Kaishauri, K. Datukishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 239-243. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Risk Management system in educational activities and the risks of stakeholders interested in the quality of training of specialists are considered. A risk management scheme of higher educational institution is provided. Ref. 2.

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12.A5.15. Effectiveness of methods for searching the extremum in the condition of experimental errors. /N. Ananiashvili, N. Otkhozoria/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 243-248. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Optimal methods to create a universal software package are an important scientific technical objective. In multidimensional optimization tasks a one-dimensional optimization method is used to select the step. We consider interesting to research effectiveness of the methods of gold section and the segment division into three equal parts to study an experimental error. We carried out study of the efficiency criterion and observed time indicators for searching the extremum. The experiment showed that the best use of the bidding step is to choose the method of division into three equal parts, which is much more efficient in case of experimental errors. It is also important for the effectiveness of the extremum point of the interval boundaries of the location. Ref. 2.

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12.A5.16. Fuzzy expressions in knowledge representation. /M. Kiknadze, A. Kobiashvili, M. Maghradze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 306-309. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

One of the guidelines of fuzzy logics theory development lies in representation and handling of conceptual information. It is needed two stages for handling fuzzy data: To capture statements which contain fuzzy linguistic information; to prepare inference of new facts on the basis of preconditions and current state of the system. Both two stages take place in expert systems. The fundamental methodological problem is to select the correct control mode for handling uncertainty used in really existed expert systems. There are many approaches to research an inference which characterizes the human cognition and decision-making. The concept of fuzzy systems is discussed as an alternative way for language information maintenance. One of the principal reasons of logging in application of methods of fuzzy sets is man-machine symbiosis. Any expert system must be able to explain deducible results, i.e. it should not only solve the assigned task about contents of knowledge but also inform the user about the behavior of its reasoning. Interaction between the system and user must be efficient to the maximum. The question formulated for inference and issued from what is contained in the data base, must be sufficient, and as completely correspond to human way of thinking with linguistic categories and not with exact numerical values as possible. In the expert system assigned for aims of technical diagnosis, different versions of production rules are used. In the process of control production rules may have various interpretations because of probability. They are formed due to representation of operator's knowledge about given object domain. All the production rules are stored in knowledge base and are used to set up the hypothesis when the parts of pre-conditions are known. To output the hypothesis by means of proving process, a general and most frequently applied modus ponens is used. The scheme of inference where uncertainty was connected with production rules is offered in which fuzzy expressions of hypothesis are calculated in according with a fuzzy equation. Ref. 5.

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12.A5.17. Problems of preliminary computer processing and recognition of printed and handwritten texts by the example of Georgian alphabet symbols. /T. Todua, I. Kartvelishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp.321-325. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In spite of the fact that now the majority of documents exist in electronic form, the task of creation of completely electronic document management still represents serious problem. The task of moving of information from paper to electronic form is actual not only in systems of electronic document managements. For solution of this task it is necessary to create recognition systems for printed and handwritten texts. If recognition of the printed text is well studied task in the world and is successfully decided for many different types of a font, the task of recognition of handwritten texts still remains unresolved. Its final decision needs some more years. Unfortunately, for Georgian printed texts the problem of recognition is not decided yet, there are also so many difficulties for the handwritten texts. In this article are considered problems of preliminary computer processing and recognition of Georgian printed and handwritten texts. Fig. 5, Ref. 5.

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12.A5.18. Cyber-security and Georgian national state interest in information communication sphere. /G. Iashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 353-361. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Cyber-security is the concern of every country. Recent events have demonstrated once again that this is a particular challenge to Georgia. Georgia appeared not ready for cyber attacks on its information space performed in August 2008; Generally speaking, the identification and classification of threats and the study of their causes are not only topical, but, in our opinion, they are essential in the process of elaboration of protective measures and designing of protective devices and systems for information space security. At present there are various approaches to the assessment of threats. Different authors use different criteria for classification of threats, such as a type, a degree of malicious intent, a location and/or a cause of threat occurrence etc. By their origin the threats may be casual and intentional whereas the conditions of threat occurrence may be divided into two groups: objective and subjective. The sources of threats may be: People; Engineering facilities; Software, algorithms, models; Information processing technologies and the environment. The goal of realization of information security of some entity (a country, a region, an industry, a department etc.) by the system approach is the formation of the system providing the information security. For construction, it is essential: to define special requirements for protection of the given entity; to take into consideration national and international laws in this field; to draw on the available practical experience in creating such systems. The general, technical and organizational requirements, which are the components of information security policy, must be defined. Structural subdivisions responsible for realization of the information security system should be appointed from the outset, and the limits of their responsibilities should be defined. Appropriate algorithmic, program and technical methods and facilities should be used and implemented. The management system must be used in functioning of the information security system. Efficient monitoring of operation of the implemented system must be performed, and, if necessary, appropriate alternations and corrections should be made. From the above reasoning it is clear that the process of realization of the information security system is continuous and that it cyclically reverts to the first event after each alternation and correction. It should be emphasized that the country must have the national doctrine of country’s information security, which will make up the unity of legal-methodical documentation of the information security system together with National and International Standards, and methodical instructions and recommendations. Fig. 3, Ref. 12.

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12.A5.19.The software for composing Georgian words. /J. Antidze, N. Gulua, I. Kardava/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 367-371. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Machine translation from any language into Georgian requires composition of a word by indicating its unchanged part and morphological categories. Besides this, for distance studying of Georgian language and making assistant computer means for teaching the morphology of Georgian language to secondary school pupils, it is necessary, using unchanged part of given word, to obtain by the computer all grammatically right word-forms. For solving all these problems, we have developed the software, by which it is possible to solve mentioned problems. Besides this, for solving such problems of artificial intelligence, which requires composing of Georgian word-form by using the information defining this word-form, there can be used the software developed by us. Tab. 10, Ref. 4.

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12.A5.20. Modeling of a configuration of management of business processes of the distributed, multilevel systems. /T. Sukhiashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – V. II. – pp. 423-425. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Automation of business management processes requires creation of a distributed, multilevel system. For the design of the systems, similar to this configuration the unified modelling language (UML technology) and different CASE of means developed on its basis are used. For the system configuration modelling which should reflect both functional, and non-functional (technical) requirements, this technology uses the expansion chart. Nevertheless the entire process of design depends on the expert. Thus neither the designer nor we can determine how good result we have obtained. As far as the implementation of business – requirements is connected with a parallelism, and this process is described by the activity chart, transforming this chart in to columns of a network of Petri, gives a chance to model dynamic processes in a computer network. On the basis of analysis of these models the configuration of customer-server architecture corresponding to these requirements is under consideration. Ref. 3.

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12.A5.21. Ont the architecture of hybrid ilntelligent systems. /R. Chogovadze, M. Chkhaidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – V. II. – pp. 407-412. – geo.; abs.: eng., geo.

Hybrid intelligent systems are the object of studies. They integrate the advantages of autonomous approaches for solving complex practical problems. In recent years, traditional methods of artificial intelligence, such as expert systems, fuzzy systems, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc. are increasingly combined in hybrid intelligent systems. Hybrid intelligent systems can take advantage of traditional means of artificial intelligence, overcoming some of their shortcomings, and can solve problems unsolvable by individual methods of artificial intelligence. Ref. 10.

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12.A5.22. Application of specialized software packages for the development of managerial skills. /T. Berdzenishvili, N. Bebiashvili, A. Abesadze, T. Gigilashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 432-436. – geo.; abs.: eng., geo.

Four specialized software packages for solving problems in managerial activities have been chosen. Each software package, besides general purpose, has its own functional goals and the list of practical examples. By means of the used approach software packages supplement each other and create a uniform complex for the decision of managerial problems. There is a functional interrelation between software packages. Output parameters of one of them can be used as input parameters for other ones. They have provided possibility of grouping problems of different complexity for different level of learners, including the fourth and fifth level of training, as well as bachelor and post-graduate students. Ref. 5.

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12.A5.23. Corporate information systems management. /L. Petriashvili, M. Khartishvili, M. Okhanashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 436-440. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Information management, having appeared as a part of the theory of management, has quickly gained quite independent value and is considered as a perspective scientific trend in the information era. The information management concept comprises the following approaches: economic, considering questions of attraction of new documentary information, proceeding from reasons of utility and financial expenses; analytical, based on the analysis of needs of users in information and communications; organizational, considering information technologies in their influence on organizational aspects; Information management in the organization carries out strategic, operative and administrative tasks. The main task of information management is information support with the use of modern information technologies (OLAP, OLTP, DWH, ORP, BI) primary activity of the organization. From this point of view it is necessary to see a problem of information management in integrating the individual information elements of system created by staff (documents, affairs, technologies) on the basis of the uniting program of search by the most important component of structure of information management. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.

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12.A5.24. Algorithms of finding the bounds of objectives functions for the optimization combinatorial models from a class of One-dimensional Bin Packing. /L. Tibua, Kh. Rukhaia, G. Fedulov, T. Dzagania, N. Iashvili/. Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. - v.II. – pp. 276-280. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

We have studied a class of combinatorial models that are semantically close to a known One-Dimensional Bin Packing task. All models have a large number of practical applications in different fields. A general description of the class consists in dividing the initial set of weight into a number of disjoint subsets with the given properties, which are defined by using the model restrictions. Primary attention has been given to the estimation of quality of approximate solutions as a measure of closeness to the optimum solutions. With that purpose, we built the bounds of objective function, which the approximate solutions are compared with. To find the bounds, we use two blocks: a block to reduce the initial size of tasks and a block to build the estimation corridor of reasonable solutions. The first block removes the dominant groups of weights (the dominant pairs, triplets, quarters and so on) from the initial data. The second block estimates the existence of reasonable solutions for a given number of subsets. These blocks are closely interlinked. The results of the first block are used in the second block and vice versa. Our algorithms for finding the bounds can be used in practice for large-size tasks (the number of different weight may be 50,000 and more). Ref. 10.

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12.A5.25. Mediation systems for convergent billing. /O. Zumburidze, L. Rukhadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 96-102. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper refers to the mediation systems and its main tasks for convergent billing systems and describes a hypothetical scenario to give some context to the discussion of mediation principles. According to this example salient rating requirements are given. Information requirements and appropriate key parameters within the solution description as well as the points of measurement are defined. The paper reviews global identifiers and timing issues in relation with map requirements to metrics and provides mediation systems implementation, including standard framework for mediation with a set of such operations which affects data as atomic, consistent, isolated and durable. The article considers mediation systems capacity planning and performance, aggregation and rounding as well as the following three types of error within the usage data: data duplication, loss and corruption. Fig. 2, Ref. 5.

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12.A5.26. IPV6 protocol deployment and migration strategies for isp networks. / I. Kartvelishvili, O. Kartvelishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 125-134. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The present paper is aimed to provide some kind of roadmap to IPv6 migration process, which may become a real problem for ISP technical staff. As there are quite lots of options for IPv6 migration with their respective advantages and disadvantages, it may be quite difficult to plan the correct roadmap, which may suit the specific network requirements. This document provides some in-depth information regarding different techniques that may be used on intermediate stages of IPv6 deployment, their possible combinations, investigates how the migration process for ISP is organized and also provides several advises and guidelines about the migration stages based on author’s experience. At any rate the migration to IPv6 is subject to heavy preliminary testing in order to find the method(s), vendor and platforms the most suitable for each certain case. By design IPv6 protocol is not very complex, but the fact that it cannot be deployed overnight makes the main problem. It is obvious that there will be a time period when IPv4 and IPv6 will have to coexist and this is the point where the most complexity comes. Fig. 10, Ref. 9.

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А6. Other Social Sciences

12.A6.1. Program support of national economy’s economic security. /S. Tockiy/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp.42-47. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Explored are the ways to develop programs to support the economic security of the national economy. The main directions of economic security are defined. Ref. 5.

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12.A6.2. Sermons of His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II about Globalization and National Values. /Sh. Veshapidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 106-110. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the veiwpoints of Ilia II, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, about the varieties of the spiritual or national values of small nations that are of vital importance for the world. Georgia is important for the world not only with its strategic viewpoints but first of all with its spiritual and material values. The article also deals with Catholicos-Patriarch’s viewpoints being of world importance about the formation of common system of values to save the world that will act as a function of its moral axis. Also the dialogue between culture and religion should be achieved in the way that all nations would maintain its religion and to form and implement the common values for everyone. The formation of the state thought, reasonable solution of socioeconomic problems of society, formation of the Georgian state based on modern technology and achievements, development of agriculture, small amd medium-sized businesses, even complete usage of scientific or economic achievements of Soviet Union, expansion of Georgian business sector, Creation of wealthy middle class, improvement of small and medium-sized business, production of ecologically pure products are considered as one of the most important value in the globalization period by Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia. The article also deals with the viewpoints of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia about the man as the most importance value, and he considers that there are „three greatest holinesses: God, motherland and human“. And according to Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the most important condition is law, serving the truth and fairness. Ref. 4.

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12.A6.3. Niko Nikoladze about the reasons of backwardness of Georgia. /V. Shubitidze, G. Iakobashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 419-422. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Niko Nikoladze studied and researched the reasons of public-political and economic development, as well as of the backwardness of the country and offered the adequate solutions to the Georgian society for overcoming it. Nikoladze discussed the Byzantine (Asian) form of governance as the form which did not consider any kind of democracy and was characterized as the national nihilism, struggle between the generations and absence of succession, extra radicalism, backwardness in the fields of education and science, as well as technological backwardness. Ref. 5.

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12.A6.4. How should be Georgia developed in future according to Niko Nikoladze. /V. Shubitidze, V. Pavliashvili, Kh. Chapichadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 423-427. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Niko Nikoladze not only researched the reasons of hindrance and backwardness of Georgia’s political and economic development, but he also indicated the ways which would be the determinants of Georgia’s future development and its advancement. According to Nikoladze, Georgia should be oriented towards the European and democratic model of development and governance, moderate politics, reforms, the approach of establishing scientific-technical progress and European education, social justice, political pluralism, the mechanism of developing the discipline and labor culture, rejecting hopes for receiving the help from others, raising the state mentality, eradication of personal egoism, etc. Ref. 3.

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12.A6.5. Types of political culture. /G. Abesadze, A. Tukvadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 428-432. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Political culture is a pattern of political behaviours of society and it exerts an important role in the quality of democracy functioning in specific country. There are the following types of political culture: Patriarchal, Subordinate, participatory, authoritarian, totalitarian, fragment, homogeneous, mass, elite and others which are in compliance with the political regime in the country. Ref. 4.

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12.A6.6. Ilia Chavchavadze on the press. /D. Sinjaradze, N. Bebiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 500-503. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The opinions on the press expressed by Ilia Chavchavadze are still topical today, especially when analyzing global and national problem. Unfortunately, modern media lack this very important attitude. The incompetence of journalists still remains an unresolved problem, and in most cases, professional irresponsibility. This is what Ilia Chavchavadze was opposed to. Involvement of mass media in developing the democratic government requires much more objectiveness and higher qualification from journalists. The standards which were adopted by Ilia Chavchavadze and many other representatives of Georgian publicism are still valuable today. In the paper presented by us those opinions of Ilia Chavchavadze which should be considered in modern journalism are gathered and discussed.

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12.A6.7. Role of social mood in the current social-economic processes. /S. Pavliashvili, G. Talakhadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 12-18. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the article the role of social mood having a great value in contemporary social-economical processes is discussed. This is proved by a lot of experimental materials of researches done by Dimitry Uznadze in experimental and social psychology. The conclusion drawn by this research is as follows: formation and upbringing of a person as a psycho-social creature is made in the “humanized” environment on the basis of social mood due to which a man creates social and economical values and changes the existence. The article deals with the fact that non-market relations – moral, cultural – which exert an influence over the present processes not less than buy-sell relations are of vital importance for effective functioning of social-economic processes. Ref. 6.

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12.A6.8. Political sub-cultures and their types in Georgia. /G. Abesadze, A. Tukvadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 82-86. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Political culture includes sub-cultural types. National Identity, age, regional, global and geopolitical factors exert a great influence over the space of subcultures. Some types of subcultures in Georgian national-political culture are as follows: Regional, social-economical, religious, age etc. Process of democratic modernization exerts a great influence over the national-statehood sub-cultural types. Ref. 5.

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12.A6.9. System thinking: its transformation from systemology to systemosophy. /B. Meparishvili, G. Janelidze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 426-431. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Paper deals with a novel paradigm of fundamental thinking – Systemosophy. The already existent systems approach of general systemology, based on materialistic viewpoints, describes the universe discretely, only one-sided projective, from its own viewpoints, whereas at the dawn of the twenty first century the modern science is lot more developed. The way to the unification of science, religion and philosophy lies in the radically new concept introduced into the scientific canon by quantum physics, because they are based on old traditional thinking and they have need for quantum renewals. So the transition from systemology to more modern consciousness is the main requirement of this time. Systemosophy as new systems of paradigm could present the universal approach, based on quantum philosophy, scientific and esoteric knowledge, to find true sense and function of human existence. Ref. 11.

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B. NATURAL AND EXACT SCIENCES

B1. Mathematics. Mechanics. Physics.
Cybernetics

12.B1.1. Performance analysis of IPv6 tunneling in the IPv4 environment. /L. Mirtskhulava, G. Gugunashvili, T. Gogoladze, M. Kiknadze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 37-39. – eng.; abs.: rus.

The article deals with the performance analysis of implementation of IPv6 networks in the IPv4 environment by configuring of IPv6 over the IPv4 tunnel among five routers. The backbone of the network is still based on IPv4, where it is not allowed to make any changes. In the paper the migration process to IPv6, choosing most advantageous IPv6 transition mechanisms and interoperation of IPv4 and IPv6 networks are described. The performance analysis aspects of migration and optimization for IPv6 networks are discussed. For connectivity, IPv6 tunneling over IPV4 environment is used. All IPv4 addresses have been preconfigured. Protocol OSPFv2 has been configured in the IPV4 domain for connectivity among the routers. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.

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12.B1.2. Specific features of the spin-glass state of zonal magnets. /Z. Gamishidze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 63-65. – eng.; abs.: rus.

The article deals with the investigation of the basic state of system Y(Co_1-xMn_x)₂ and the impact of the ƒ-d exchange field. For this system, magnetic ordering is not characterized despite the fact that it shows the maximum susceptibility at low temperature. The analysis showed that at low temperature the magnetic spin-glass state is characterized of this system. It is shown that at the manganese concentration x=25% the spin-spin correlation peaks, which is caused by an increase in the density of the state of substitution of cobalt for manganese. Because of negative Mn-Mn exchange, they failed to stabilize the magnetic ordering in this system. The spin-glass state of this type, in which there are no stable magnetic moments in the paramagnetic phase, is classified among new-type “zonal” spin-glass states. Fig. 5, Ref. 5.

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12.B1.3. Divergence of Fourier series with respect to systems of products of bases. /G. Oniani/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp. 5-9. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

It is proved that the feature of function systems, being products of quite general type bases, is almost everywhere divergence of certain blocks (and, consequently, almost everywhere divergence according to Pringsheim) of Fourier series in integral classes is wider than. Ref. 9.

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12.B1.4. The nonlinear characteristic Goursat problem for a nonlinear oscillation equation. /R. Bitsadze, M. Menteshashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6 – N3. – pp.10-18. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper proposes a nonlinear analogue of the characteristic Goursat problem for a nonlinear oscillation equation, which makes it possible to simultaneously define regular solutions and extension domains. The structures of these domains up to the proximity of the points of degeneracy of degree of the equation are described. Ref. 13.

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12.B1.5. On the pseudo-maximal likelihood estimation of the parameters of an exponential distribution by grouped observations with censoring. /G. Lominashvili, M. Patsatsia/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.19-24. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper studies the problem of estimating l parameter of exponential distribution by the pseudo-maximum method for censoring observations. Existence and uniqueness of solution of the maximal likelihood equation is shown. The solution is asymptotic consistence and effective estimator of l parameter of exponential equation. Ref. 2.

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12.B1.6. Affine isomorphisms of power groups. /T. Bokelavadze, A. Lashkhi/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.25-29. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

In the present paper the lattice of cosets is constructed for Hall’s power group G over the ring W. This lattice is called the affine or coset lattice of G. Since in the lattice only the elements of G cover Æ, the isomorphism defines the bijection . Among all possible isomorphisms ¦ we shall select in the sequel those for which. Such isomorphisms are called the affine isomorphisms. We prove the following theorem: Let be an affine isomorphism between the w-power groups G and G1 over the fields W and W1, respectively, if G is nilpotent of class 2 then¦ is either a semi-linear isomorphism or a semi-linear anti-isomorphism with respect to the isomorphism σ :W ®W₁. The given example shows that the theorem is false for the class of nilpotency ≤ 3. Ref. 9.

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12.B1.7. Quantized chiral soliton as an alternative to the skyrme model and γ Δ vertex. /A. Khelashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.30-36. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The problem of soliton stability in the chiral sigma model is investigated. After the brief introductory relations the relevant expression for the Hamiltonian appropriate to the quantization of rotational and vibrational modes as well as the pion mass term is presented. Corresponding equation of motion is exhibited, from which the effective potential is extracted. The existence of minimum of this potential is established and the energy of the ground state is found. It is shown that stability may be achieved only after the breaking of chiral symmetry by pion mass term. The profile function is constructed which guarantees the stability. Mass spectra of nucleon and its resonances are derived. This is analogous to WKB quantization formula.

where expressions for entering here parameters are given in the main text, Eqs. (15). Unfortunately the profile functions applied do not satisfy to the equation of motion, therefore their status is unclear. Nevertheless the existence of minimum is a remarkable property for this problem and it underlines the importance of quantum consideration. Therefore it is interesting to calculate appropriate profile function. In this purpose the calculation scheme is proposed for the profile function in the Skyrme anzatz, which then may be applied to delta – nucleon transition problem. The most profound task is a reconstruction of the profile function from the integral relations. For the present only henomenological consideration shows that by choosing of appropriate test profile functions rather good description of nucleon resonance masses may be achieved. Ref. 6.

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12.B1.8. Quantum properties of scalar fields with broken SU(2)–symmetry. /V. Gogokhia, A. Shurgaia/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.37-42. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

We consider the simplest theoretical model of scalar fields in one spatial dimension with an internal symmetry. We apply the Schrödinger picture to describe the quantum properties of localized solutions. The use of the method of collective coordinates allows to develop a perturbation theory, which exactly describes the symmetry properties of the theory. As an example, we consider the theory of three scalar fields with a broken SU(2) symmetry, for which we derive the dependence of the energy spectrum on a quantum number corresponding to a charge symmetry. The energy of quantum bound states is the classical energy plus the energy of quantum excitations. The result does not depend on the specific form of the interaction potential. Ref. 14.

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12.B1.9. Azimuthal correlations between protons in the backward and forward hemispheres in nucleus-nucleus collisions at a momentum of 4.2 GeV/c per nucleon. /L. Chkhaidze, T. Jobava, L. Kharkhelauri/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.43-48. –eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Multiparticle azimuth correlations between protons have been investigated in (d, He)C,CC, (d,He)Ta and CTa collisions at a momentum of 4.2 GeV/c and “back-to-back” correlations have been observed. Essentially, correlation function C(Δφ) for and reaches maximum at Δφ =protons from these collisions increases with 1800 (the angle between the vector sums of the forward and backward emitted protons). The asymmetry coefficient | ξ | decreases and the strength of correlation ς increases with increase of the projectile and target mass numbers. The dependence of the mean of the square transverse momentum in the reaction plane <P_x²> on Δφ shows similar behaviour for all observed interactions. The data stem from the propane bubble chamber (PBC-500) system utilized at JINR. The quark gluon string and the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics models satisfactorily describe the experimental results. Fig. 4, Tab. 1, Ref. 22.

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12.B1.10. The tasks related to the decommissioning of Georgian nuclear research reactor. /Sh. Abramidze, A. Gigineishvili, N. Katamadze, G. Kiknadze, G. Nabakhtiani, M. Razmadze, Z. Rostomashvili, Z. Saralidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.49-54. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The nuclear research reactor IRT-M belonged to the Institute of Physics and operated during the 1960-1988 period. All nuclear fuel (both fresh and spent) was sent out of Georgia after the reactor was shut down. The reactor decommission activity was conducted at different stages. Special activity plans were developed considering safety and security requirements, international experience and local circumstances. The developed decommissioning strategy was based on the idea on possible establishment of a new low power nuclear facility in the tank of the decommissioned reactor. At the first stage the reactor core together with some comparably high active waste was covered with special concrete. A special underwater concreting technology was developed for this purpose. Theoretical assessment of radiation was conducted before the activity. The results of theoretical assessment were in good correlation with data obtained at radiation monitoring during the concreting activity. During the second and third stages the reactor system inside and outside of the reactor building was dismantled. Lacking the capability to conduct full scale radioactive waste treatment, a special technology of waste packaging is developed to meet the safety requirements. The creation of a radioactive waste treatment facility was defined as a next stage of the activity. Ref. 5.

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12.B1.11. Influence of global warming on the near-surface air temperature field in Georgia. /K. Tavartkiladze, N. Begalishvili, T. Tsintsadze, A. Kikava/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.55-60. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Statistical analysis was conducted (data of 1906-2009) on the change of near-surface air temperature field for various geographical regions of Georgia. The analysis was fulfilled by the dynamical norm method. Data of 89 points existing in 1906-1995 and 28 points in 1996-2009 were used. Restoration of missing observation data with given accuracy and reduction of the data series to the same period of time were carried out by the method of expansion of the random function in natural orthogonal components in multidimensional space. Natural variability of temperature anomalies, linear and nonlinear trends of the variability, density of space-time change probability are shown. Regional parameters corresponding to two periods of time are compared with each other. Schematic map of change of near-surface air temperature field on the territory of Georgia in 1906-2009 is given. Facts of fall of temperature on the territory of Western Georgia and significant warming in Eastern Georgia in 1906-1995 have been proved. The data of 1906-2009 on warming in all regions under study have also been proved; tendency of the increase of the global warming intensity over the last 10-15 years within the temperature range 0.2-0.5^oC/100yr is shown. Maximal rate of temperature growth observed on the territory of Kvemo Kartli is defined. Results indicate increase of intensity of global warming on the whole territory of Georgia for last 10-15 years. Fig. 3, Ref. 10.

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12.B1.12. Tropical cyclone: alignment effect and maximum potential intensity. /I. Shekriladze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.61-68. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The analysis of some major tropical cyclones (TC) has been performed in the framework of the so-called model of equilibrium translation (MET) in order to eliminate the contradiction between the available field data and thermodynamic theory of maximum potential intensity (MPI). According to the MET, TC is an open dissipative system internally aimed at intensification. When this inner focus comes into a certain harmony with large-scale environmental wind, TC becomes particularly effective in the conversion of oceanic heat into kinetic energy of cyclonic motion and rapidly intensifies (alignment effect). Dimensionless Shekriladze number, incorporating integral thermal and dynamical parameters of the system ocean-cyclone-atmosphere (SOCA) acquires the role of a predictor of the character of TC development, including rapid intensification. The MET reveals negative feedback between hurricane heat potential (HHP) and TC translation speed during the alignment effect, leading to a constant mean sea surface temperature (SST) under acting TC, regardless of the initial HPP. In such circumstances, the constancy of real maximum intensities of TCs recorded in field observations at HHPs, exceeding 50 kJ×cm-2, is in agreement with the thermodynamic theory. In addition, the approximate analysis of the field data specified in the regular forecast advisories shows linkage of the alignment effect to the critical value of Shekriladze number around 35. However, this important outcome needs further confirmation by analysis of more detailed field data. Fig. 5, Tab. 1, Ref. 12.

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12.B1.13. On one nonparametric estimate of a Bernoulli regression function. /E. Nadaraya, P. Babilua, M. Patsatsia/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 1-9. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

We consider the class of nonparametric estimates of a Bernoulli regression function. We establish the conditions of uniform consistency and give the limit theorems for continuous functionals connected with the functions on C[a,1 – a], 0<a<1/2. Ref. 9.

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12.B1.14. On the approximation of periodic functions within the frame of Grand Lebesgue spaces. /N. Danelia, V. Kokilashvili/. Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Bulletin. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 10-16. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper announces the boundedness criteria of majorants for b-order Cesáro and Abel-Poisson means in weighted grand Lebesgue spaces . It is claimed that in these spaces the mean continuity property fails to hold. The fractional order moduli of smoothness are introduced in a subspace of where the set of smooth functions is dense. Using these characteristics, direct and inverse inequalities of the constructive theory of functions are obtained. The rate of approximation by b-order Cesáro means is estimated for a function from the above-mentioned subspace. In weighted grand Lebesgue spaces, an analog of the well-known Bernstein inequality is established for the derivatives of trigonometric polynomials. Ref. 11.

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12.B1.15. Maxwell conjecture and polygonal linkages. /G. Khimshiashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 17-22. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Motivated by the famous Maxwell conjecture on the number of equilibria of point charges, we discuss the electrostatic potential of point charges placed at the vertices of polygonal linkage. In particular, we establish that electrostatic potential is a Morse function on the moduli space of a generic polygonal linkage, which yields estimates for the number of its equilibria. For quadrilateral linkage, we present a number of results on the structure of electrostatic equilibria and, as a by-product, prove that its shape is completely controllable by changing the charge at just one vertex. Ref. 10.

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12.B1.16. On analytic and harmonic functions with the Dirichlet finite integral in the unit circle. /G. Oniani, G. Tetvadze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 23-30. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper deals with the study of integral representations and boundary properties of harmonic functions having an analytical and summable gradient with a summable derivative in the unit circle. One theorem of S.M. Nikolski on the existence of a boundary value of a harmonic function is formulated more precisely. Ref. 5.

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12.B1.17. On the regular convergence by rectangles of multiple Fourier-Haar Series. /G. Oniani/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 31-33. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

It is sharpened the known result on almost everywhere convergence by rectangles of Fourier-Haar series of functions from . Namely, it is proved that the condition, where , implies almost everywhere convergence of each subseries of Fourier-Haar series of f having dimension not more than . Ref. 8.

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12.B1.18. Singular integral equation arising from the theory of the penetration of gamma rays. /P. Ghurtskaia, D. Shulaia/. Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Bulletin. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 34-38. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The aim of this paper is to study, in the class of Hölder functions, the linear integral equation arising from the theory of the penetration of gamma rays. Using the theory of singular integral equations, the solution of this equation is reduced to the Volterra equation. Ref. 5.

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12.B1.19. One mathematical model and algorithm of the microtremor use for structure real seismic resource assessment./G. Gabrichidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 39-42. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Study of the structure behavior under microtremors to assess its real operating condition or to ascertain its dynamic characteristics is a widespread method in the world. It is distinguished for its cheapness, mobility, though it has also certain limitations. It is that transition process from microtremor to real is not univocal and relies on certain assumptions. Therefore, when we use this approach in practice, we are offered different algorithms and technologies of material processing obtained as the result of the experimental observation of the structure under microtremor, which creates probability of structure operational condition, particularly, its earthquake resistance distinctive assessment. Mathematical model and algorithm constructed on its basis, which univocally ascertains how to process displacements recorded under microtremors that to speak substantially about structure behavior when real seismic wave passes its foundation are suggested in the present article. Fig. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.B1.20. On quantum description of parametric instability of coherently precessing spin mode of superfluid ³He-A. /G. Baramidze, G. Kharadze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 43-52. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Among actual problems of the spin dynamics of superfluid ³He the anomalously fast (catastrophic) decay of coherently spin-precession mode is under active investigation. Experimentally this low-temperature phenomenon is observed in ³He-B. One of the possible mechanisms of the fast relaxation of the phase-coherent spin precession was attributed to the parametric instability realized in the background of a non-Leggett spin-orbital configuration of the Cooper condensate. An analogous process of the decay of coherent spin precession can be realized in ³He-A. The quantum description of this event is considered in some detail. Ref. 19.

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12.B1.21. Magnetization Plateau in the Spin S=1/2 two-leg ladder with trimerized modulation of the rung exchange. /N. Avalishvili, G. Japaridze, D. Nozadze, Saeed Mahdavifar/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – T.6, N2. – pp. 53-61. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The ground-state magnetic phase diagram of a two-leg spin ladder with trimerized modulated rung exchange is studied using the continuum-limit bosonization approach. In the limit where the rung exchange is dominant, the model is mapped onto the effective quantum sine-Gordon model with topological term. Six quantum phase transitions at different critical magnetic fields are identified. We have shown that the magnetization curve of the system exhibits two plateaus at magnetization equal to the 1/3 and 2/3 of the saturation value. The width of the plateaus is proportional to the excitation gap at given magnetization and scales as , where is the amplitude of rung exchange modulation and the critical exponent is obtained as V= 1.13 in the case of a ladder with antiferromagnetic legs and V= 1.50 in the case of ladder with ferromagnetic legs. Fig. 1, Ref. 35.

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12.B1.22. Heat transfer of smooth and rough surfacess in the vessel with stirrer. /T. Magrakvelidze, N. Bantsadze, N. Lekveishvili, Kh. Lomidze, A. Mikashavidze, J. Rusishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 48-52. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The results of an experimental study of the process of convective heat transfer in the vessel with stirrer for smooth and rough ring-shaped pipes are presented. In the experiments, were used as coolants distilled water and transformer oil. Experimentally were found three regimes of the influence of artificial roughness on the convective heat transfer: 1) regime, where roughness has no influence on heat transfer; 2) regime of partial influence of roughness on heat transfer; 3) fully developed roughness effect regime. It was established that creation of two-dimensional artificial roughness on the heated surface causes the essential (~90%) intensification of convective heat transfer in case of fully developed roughness effect regime. The similitude equation for calculating convective heat transfer coefficient, which generalizes well experimental data both for the smooth and the rough surfaces is proposed. Fig. 2, Ref. 8.

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12.B1.23. Plastic deformations at constrained torsions of thin-walled cores of an open profile. /T. Batsikadze, N. Murghulia, J. Nizharadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 91-96. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper studies the application of torsion centre for the open profile thin – walled bar wrap. They in turn cause emergence of secondary tangents of stresses. At constrained torsions in such cores maximum secondary tangents of stresses arise exactly there where they are limited and the external torque entirely comes on these stresses. As the expected dangerous condition comes in these sections from big secondary tangents of stresses calculations must be carried out in a plastic stage with stresses. Calculation is carried out by a method of variable elastic parameters. Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.B1.24. Impact of rectangular apertures on stability of three-layered plates. /G. Kipiani/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 103-106. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

A calculation method on the stability of compressed three-layered plate with continuity violation as sections, cuts, apertures is stated. Sections would occur within one or several, outer or inner layers or would be through. The system of cuts, creating a closed contour, simulates the rectangular apertures. The consideration of cuts is based on the introduction of discontinuous functions in the initial differential geometrical dependencies of theory of thin three-layer plates. Ref. 6.

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12.B1.25. Prospects of the polymeric elastic pipes application in heat exchangers. /M. Jikhvadze, E. Machavariani/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 120-124. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper describes the problem of feasible application of flexible, elastic, plastic tubes in constructions of heat exchangers. The experimental data of qualitative comparison of hydrodynamic resistance of solid and elastic tubes are given. Application of flexible, elastic, plastic thin-walled tubes in constructions of heat exchangers, may achieve multilateral positive effect. Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 5.

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12.B1.26. Original multifunctional optical system for r&d in bio-nano-photonics. /V. Bregadze, T. Khuskivadze, Z. Melikishvili, Z. Jaliashvili, T. Giorgadze, M. Lomidze/^. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 134-139. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

To solve fundamental and applied problems especially at the junction of several sciences, such as molecular biophysics, bio-nano-physics, medical physics, etc., a complex approach is needed [1, 2]. E.g. for solving the problems connected with bio-nano-photonics and medical optics there appear some problems connected not only with the processes of photo-induction taking place in bio-molecules and cells but to the dark processes in live cells at photo-chemo- and photo-thermo-therapy. The approach to such problems often needs not only spectroscopic methods of investigation but also application of hydro-dynamic methods (viscosimetry, electrophoresis, chromatography, etc.). The goal of the presented contribution is the demonstration of possibility of multifunctional compact precision mobile system which does not need substantial financial and energy charges (most of the study can be carried out using a car battery). The main priority of the system is that the solution of a lot of complex bio- and medical problems can be achieved by exclusively optical methods. The universal optical system created in Andronikashvili Institute of Physics at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University is able to conduct the following researches in real time: spectra-photometric, spectra -fluorimetric, multi-angular light scattering and radiation temperature measuring. The system also allows to conduct photo-irradiation in visible light spectra, including semi-conductor laser irradiation (λ=457nm); VHF and microwave irradiation; simultaneous spectroscopic measurements of both photo and VHF irradiation at various temperatures. We should point out that the optical system is possible to conduct multi-element glow discharge atomic emission spectral analysis using VHF ICP reduced pressure. Fig. 7, Ref. 8.

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12.B1.27. Problems and challenges of construction of 3d non-inertial hemispherical inter-inductive contactless primary convertors. /O. Labadze, M. Tsertsvadze, P. Manjavidze, T. Labadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 140-143. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the issues of improving the electromagnetic 3D non-inertial hemispherical inter-inductive contactless primary convertors. The solutions of problems will provide a wide use of converters of this type in the control systems, robotics, medicine and industry. Fig. 3, Ref. 8.

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12.B1.28. Applied aspect of E. Neter's theorem. /O. Khutsishvili, T. Khutsishvili, N. Pailodze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 153-156. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work studies a solution of problems of optimum control systems by means of E. Neter's theorem, which establishes a connection between symmetry and preservation laws. The problem of controlling the spacecraft movement for keeping it in the vicinity of the libration point is described. Two problems of optimum control: variation tasks and the principle of a maximum of Pontriagin are considered. Using E. Neter’s theorem, mathematical equations linking the functions of optimum control and the laws of presentation are suggested. the problems of control with consideration of the restrictions expanding to both the functions of control and the phase coordinates are considered. We consider the relation between Pontriagin maximum principle and Lax’s method. The method allows us to resent Hamilton equation in the form of Lax equation. Lax’s method enables us to relate the conservation laws of Korteweg-de Vries equation with optimal control. Ref. 8.

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12.B1.29. Kinetostatics of five bar planar mechanisms. /D. Tavkhelidze, Z. Mchedlishvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 169-176. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article is devoted to the determination of moments of inertia reduced to the initial links as well as definition of forces acting on the links of five bar mechanism with two degrees of freedom. The solution of the said problem is based on the usage of homogenous coordinates where a set of couplers of curves is obtained. Due to the equations of trajectories, the angles of rotation of actuators mounted into two input links’ rotating joints placed on the support of the mechanism are obtained. Here, in the given transaction, the calculations of the forces and torques acting on five link mechanical systems with two degrees of freedom are based on previous investigations, where had been derived the equations for the determination of equations for calculating values of speed and accelerating the links of the mechanism. It is necessary to note that the calculations of the values of force factors given here are different from the known methods, which are distinguished with simplicity and high performance as well as extremely useful for programming controllable actuators implemented in the joints of the linkage. Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.B1.30. Regulation of a hydraulic unit’s frequency by utilizing ballasts. /T. Trokashvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 236-239. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The article covers a hydraulic unit frequency regulator utilizing ballast resistors. In the regulation process, two control contours participate simultaneously – discrete and continuous. In the discrete control contour the commutation of ballast resistors is implemented according to the power load per user. Continuous control contour is managed by frequency errors and its first derivative. In the frequency control, there are used two second-order active band-pass filters. The first filter is assembled on the resonant frequency 40 Hz; and the second one – on the frequency of 60 Hz. The structure and characteristics of these filters are selected so that when ¦0 = 50 Hz, D¦= 0. The scheme has quite high sensitivity to frequency fluctuation: 0.5 volts on 1 Hz deviation. In the discrete control scheme there is also provided one additional “movable” ballast, which significantly improves the dynamics of regulation. In the continuous control contour, the ballast resistor contains the resistors, similar to the weight coefficient, which is controlled by reverse counter (integrator). In the regulation scheme there is provided launching and stopping of the hydro aggregate. Fig. 4, Ref. 4.

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12.B1.31. Pumping effect of growing bubble: to overcome decades of neglect and silencing. /I. Shekriladze, G. Gigineishvili, J. Rusishvili, E. Machavariani, D. Shekriladze, L. Ezugbaia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 248-257. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper describes the controversial story of discovery and longstanding neglect and silencing of the physical phenomenon which plays key role in boiling heat transfer and hydrodynamics, as well as the ways to overcome existing abnormal situation. The case concerns so-called pumping effect of growing bubble (PEGB) that was forecasted in 1966. The PEGB has served as a basis for the new physical model (the model of “the theatre of director” (MTD)) which describes developed boiling heat transfer of all classes of liquids and defined the main line of boiling heat transfer enhancement. In addition, the PEGB can play a potentially important role of in the boiling crisis and hydrodynamics in some important boiling systems (microgravity, channel flows, liquid metals). The problem of PEGB-generated high-frequency cyclic thermal stresses in heating surfaces, important in terms of reliability of nuclear power plants, also has been identified. At the same time, despite the interest in the initial stage of the research (the first article on the PEGB was translated and published by the NASA in 1967) and further comprehensive international publications, these boiling heat transfer fundamentals have been fully ignored for nearly half a century. The perennial criticism of I.G. Shekriladze and coworkers in leading journals and international conferences has never met objections. Despite de-facto recognition of superiority of the above fundamentals by some recognized authorities, heat transfer community still avoids all possible forms of debates on the problem. Strong, but unplanned accidental manifestations of the PEGB in experimental studies almost always are misinterpreted and the effect and its potentially important consequences still remain poorly studied. Among the latter it is of particular importance a specific type of thermal fatigue associated with the PEGB-generated high-frequency cyclic thermal stresses in the heating surface. Lack of knowledge of these thermal stresses prevents complete theoretical determination of the operational resource of boiling water reactor (BWR) (including those at Chernobyl and Fukushima). In the paper, the first stage of solution of this problem is outlined through experimental investigation of PEGB during boiling of water in the wide range of saturation pressure in the experimental assembles of different geometry, including the conditions characteristic for boiling in BWR. Theoretical assessment of thermal stresses and thermal fatigue related to the experimentally studied temperature pulsations should be performed as well. Fig. 7, Ref. 31.

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12.B1.32. Calculation of orthogonal in shape declined shells in routine differential equations. /R. Tskhvedadze, D. Jankarashvili, D. Tabatadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 262-271. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work considers the issue of the precise solution of some two-dimensional tasks of the theory of the shells (developed by I. Gudushauri); As well as studies orthogonal in plane shells that are undergoing the impact of uniformly distributed loadings by intensity q. Iintroduction of three dimensionless parameters enables to measure three types of shells using only a single calculation. Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.B1.33. Comparative analysis of certain characteristics of rotatability and close–to–rotatibility third–rank plans with two varianbles in the presence of errors of measurement instruments. /E. Gvaramia, N. Beraia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 279-283. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The effects of errors of measurement instruments on the characteristics of rotatability and close-to-rotatability third-rank plans with two variables are considered. On the basis of conducted studies, experimenter is provided with comparative analysis of considered plans and the specific recommendations are given about the expediency of utilization of various plans with different characteristics. Errors of measurement instruments are considered, which are used for determination of levels of factors according to selected plan of experiment. Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.B1.34. Cleaning and regeneration of the used motor oils. /T. Shakarashvili, M. Andguladze, N. Kutsiava/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 316-321. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The present work deals with refining and regeneration of used motor oils for its reapplication with the same purpose. Initially the mixture of the used motor oils was treated by physical and chemical methods. Then the treated mass was distilled several times under vacuum, successively, at various conditions at 40, 10 and 1 mm mercury column residual pressures. Additives, in the following amounts: OLOA – 4594 CA” – 12%, “OLOA – 19803” – 0,3% and “PPARATONE – 8900” – 0,8%,were added to the obtained regenerated oil, in the preliminarily defined optimal conditions. As a result, on the basis of the regenerated oil the commodity motor oil was obtained. Modern instrumental methods were used to determine characteristics of the used regenerated commodity motor oil, including durability at metal tear and wear at axial charge, limits of welding and forging were defined. Welding was fixed at 299 kg, while forging – at 315 kg loading. Simultaneously, we prepared petroleum commodity motor oil on the basis of basic oil obtained from petroleum. Characteristics of the used regenerated commodity motor oil were compared to the very petroleum commodity motor oils with additive. Commodity motor oil produced from petroleum is characterized by lower welding and forging limit indices: welding limit was fixed at 282 kg, while forging limit was fixed at 297 kg loading. In the process of investigation the regime and technological scheme of cleaning and regeneration of the used motor oils were developed. Tab. 8, Ref. 5.

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12.B1.35. The continuity equation expressed in terms of voltage at constant volume using the full power voltage. /N. Berishvili, R. Giorgobiani/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 322-326. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In this research, the problem of expression is studied using equations of continuity of deformation of the body based on the concept of dependence between the relative strains and stresses. In the classical theory of elasticity the generalized Hooke's law is applied which does not fully take into account the correspondence between the stresses and strains not complied with the boundary conditions. These discrepancies are reflected in the magnitude of the shear modulus. In this paper we use the full voltage, the new value of the shear modulus and is a new form of the equation of deformation. Ref. 4.

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12.B1.36. On iterative algorithms for solving high-dimensional linear programming problems. /N. Jibladze, Al. Topchishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 45-51. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Two developed iterative algorithms for solving high-dimensional linear programming problems are proposed: the first one is based on the gravitation centers method, and the second one is realized on the basis of the constant step gradient method. Though the developed iterative algorithms are approximate, it is rather worth-while in most cases to apply them, when solving high-dimensional linear problems, as they are characterized by positive properties, such as simplicity of the algorithm and the program, high-speed performance and besides, the most important is the fact, that the appropriate software is free of such an unpleasant, specific for simplex method event as a “loop”. Ref. 4.

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12.B1.37. Simple models for two-hop relay routing in AD-HOC networks. /I. Aslanishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 52-55. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

We study mobile communication of networks, the AD-HOC networks, has attracted significant attention due to its challenging research problems. Ad-hoc networks are complex distributed systems that consist of a wireless mobile or static node that can freely and dynamically self-organize. We have shown the behavior of the relay buffer of the two-hop relay routing in mobile ad hoc networks by developing a queuing model. The parameters of the queuing model depend on the node mobility pattern. The main finding is that the expected relay buffer size depends on the expectation and the variance of the nodes contact time. Such analysis is done for the one dimensional random walk over a circle. Fig. 3, Ref. 5.

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12.B1.38. Simultaneous application of identification and verification methods in biometric systems. /L. Imnaishvili, M. Bedineishvili, A. Titvinidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 130-134. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Usually, at the time of the biometric recognition are used either a verification method or an identification method. The article proposes a comparative analysis of their rate (throughput), reliability and ergonomics. The following conclusion is made: the identification method is characterized by high conductivity and ergonomics and the verification method is characterized by high reliability. There is offered an approach, when the verification and identification methods are concurrently used in the system, enabling to preserve these three parameters at the acceptable level. Discussed is an adaptive algorithm, when the system itself transfers from the identification method to the verification method and vice versa to increase reliability. Fig. 3, Ref. 5.

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12.B1.39. Analysis of the spatial economics processes based on catastrophe theory. /M. Akhobadze, E. Kurtskhalia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 258-161. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

This article represents models of spatial economics with macrosystems approach and provides an investment policy algorithm when the flow of investments is based on the principle of entropy maximization. An economic system is reviewed as n-connected subsystems characterized by x_i(t) incomes, y_i(t) expenses and total investments I_i(t) at each t time moment. A connection between the subsystems is defined by the investments performed within the investments with certain probabilities. The paper analyzes non-linear differential equations system based on the catastrophe theory, which describes the income dynamics. The investment policy algorithm is developed. Ref. 4.

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12.B1.40. Long-term memory and magnetoacoustic effects at excitation of magnetostrictive materials by RF and magnetic pulses using pulsed NMR technique. /G. Mamniashvili, Y. Sharimanov, T. Gegechkori, A. Akhalkatsi, Ts. Gavasheli, D. Gventsadze, E. Kutelia, Sh. Nachkebia/. Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 266-276. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Different long-term acoustic memory and magnetoacoustic effects were observed in magnetostrictive materials at their inductive excitation by radiofrequency (RF) and magnetic pulses using pulsed NMR and magnetic video-pulse excitation techniques. Along it the stimulated domain-acoustic echo, possessing a long-term acoustic memory was inductively excited by three RF pulses in magnetite and magnetoelectric ferrite-piezoelectric layered composites using pulsed NMR technique with inductive and electric recording of DAE signals. In this work we present also the results of comparative study of different magnetoacoustic responses on excitation by a series of RF and magnetic pulses using pulsed NMR and magnetic video-pulse excitation techniques in some magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric materials, in particular, magnetite, magnetoelectric ferrite-piezoelectric layered composites and magnetic bioceramic composite materials interesting for practical applications in biomedicine. In particular, the magnetic video-pulse excitation technique provides a comparatively simple method for wide-band characterization of these materials. Fig.11, Ref. 17.

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12.B1.41. On the variety of tangent cones. /V. Maisuradze , M. Salukvadze/. Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 293-306. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the article the variety of cones constructions in the given point of the set, tangent to this set, which has fundamental significance for optimization and other related theories and practical applications is considered. The geometric and topological properties of tangent cones are studied; the statements about relationships of specified sets are obtained. The results can be applied to creating numerical algorithms of optimization, particularly, non-scalar optimization. Ref. 5.

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12.B1.42. The relative mechanical strength of praseodymium diantimonide thin films. /I. Kupreishvili, Z. Jabua, A. Gigineishvili, G. Iluridze, T. Minashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp.326-330. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Technology of preparing of praseodymium diantimonide crystalline thin films was developed on different substrates (silicon, polycrystalline pyroceramic, sapphire) by vacuum-thermal evaporation from independent sources of components. There is shown, that the temperature of the evaporator of antimony influences coloring of the prepared films (golden, black, dark blue). The assumption is that coloring of films depends on valence of ion praseodymium in it. By the technique of full grinding the relative mechanical strength of the films has been studied. It has been shown that the mechanical strength under various conditions depends on the substrate material; in particular, it is increased successively according to the substrate material, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline pyroceramic, sapphire. Fig. 5, Ref. 14.

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12.B1.43. Cholesteric liquid crystals for photonic and optoelectronic applications. /G. Chilaya, A. Chanishvili, G. Petriashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 361-367. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

According to the modern conceptions, the cholesteric liquid crystals can be considered as one dimensional (1D) photonic crystals. Owing to a self-organized periodical structure with easily controllable parameters under the influence of external fields, the cholesteric liquid crystals provide a lot of potentialities for designing new photonic and optoelectronic devices. In the present report the investigations on application of the cholesteric liquid crystals in image converters, UV sensors, displays and compact broadband tunable lasers are reviewed. Fig. 7, Ref. 25.

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12.B1.44. Synergetic paradigm in management theory. /V. Sesadze, T. Kaishauri, V. Kekenadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – V. II. – pp. 401-402. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper provides the idea of a new synergetic paradigm in management systems, which is based on self-organization properties. In dissipative systems, self-organization effect provides new opportunities of management of non-linear dynamic systems of various natures. Ref. 7.

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12.B1.45. Current problems of physics. /T. Gegechkori/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 420-422. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The 20th century is characterized by amazing intensity of physics development. It is difficult to consider physics as a whole from semantic viewpoint. A lot of theories have appeared to explain various problems. However the idea about final solution of the creation of universe became real. Gradually it became obvious, that every paradigm brings new problems, because new revolutionary theory functions as a new organ of sense. These new problems will exist at the radically different depth level. The article briefly shows the problems facing basic theories and concepts of modern physics. One might say that physics is at the deadlock. The only reliable way, to solve physics problems is experiment. That’s why that Large Hadron Collider gives us special hopes. Experiments which are held on Collider will solve problems like existence of Higgs particle, missing dark energy, etc. Most important is that these experiments will answer the question: is physics developing in the right direction, or all its steps indicate our ignorance by Socrates’ interpretation. Ref. 7.

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12.B1.46. Method of mathematical models for definition of analytical form of multivariable functions and planning and conducting experiments. /I. Gorjoladze, N. Gorjoladze, Kh. Gorjoladze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 32-39. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Are considered the following issues: mathematical model of two variables function, defined by a table, containing power with a rational exponent, combined models, model two rank multivariable functions, testing criteria of multivariable functions mathematical models, as the sum of product of functions of one variable. In all the cases are revealed testing criteria and derive the appropriate formulas to define the analytical form of function. A method of planning and carrying out two-and three-factor experiments, based on the definition of rank multivariable function is formulated. Tab. 3, Ref. 7.

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B2. Chemistry. Biology

12.B2.1. Fatty acids of grape seed oil and its biological activity as 1.0% and 2.5% food-additive. /B. Kikalishvili, D. Zurabashvili, D. Turabelidze, Z. Zurabashvili, I. Giorgobiani/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 47-50. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Using high-performance liquid chromatography were qualitatively and quantitatively identified high fatty acids contained in grape seed oil and compare its biological activity as 1.0% and 2.5% food-additive an fatty acids composition contained in lipids of mice livers. Investigation were carried out on 90 inbred mice, 5.0 g weight. Using high-performance liquid chromatography methods, grape seed oil was found to contain linoleic (65.0%), linolenic (1.5%), oleic (17.0%), palmitic (8.0%), stearic (4.4%) and arachidonic (0.6%) acids. After 15 days fatty acids are carried out from mouse liver and individually identified. The paper shows that 1.0% and 2.5% grape seed oil food-additives have a different biological activity. The investigation demonstrated that after 15 days the grape seed oil played a significant part in lipid metabolism of biologically necessary components.

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12.B2.2. Vegetative propagation of ornamental shrubs using hormodin-2 solution in Batumi Botanical Garden. /N. Lomtatidze, E. Machutadze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp. 135-138. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Introduction and propagation of plants are considered to be one of the most important problems in plant biology. Successful introduction of plants depends on the conservation of the reproduction ability of plants in the new environmental conditions. During acclimatization of plants inner biological processes transform with respect to the new environmental conditions, such as soil and climate. Introduction and adaptation of plants is a complex and long process. Knowledge of the native habitat of plants, their transfer to a new area and propagation is not enough for introduction of alien species. It is necessary to conduct multi-year observation to determine the degree of habitation of some introduced specimens. In the present work the factors conditioning successful introduction of new species at the Ajara seaside are studied, prediction of the adaptation of alien plants under changed environmental conditions is made and the general mechanisms of introduction are determined. In the humid subtropical zone of Ajara a fairly large group of aliens is distinguished for fast growth, high productivity and aesthetic value. They reveal a fairly high potential which is one of the significant factors of successful introduction. Tab. 2, Ref. 5.

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12.B2.3. Ordering effects in the heat capacity of light rare-earth superstoichiometric dihydrides. CeH_2.86. /N. Namoradze, I. Ratishvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 62-66. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

CeH_2+c-type ordering hydrides are considered. Different ingredients of the total heat capacity C(T) of these ordering interstitial alloys are calculated and the summary result is compared with the corresponding experimental data. Metal-hydrogen interstitial alloys (M-H compounds) are considered usually as consisting of thermodynamically sufficiently independent following main subsystems: the lattice of metal atoms, the set of interstitial light atoms located in tetrahedral interstitial positions (tetra-positions) and octahedral interstitial positions (octa-positions), and the system of conduction electrons. It has to be taken into account that in superstoichiometric rare-earth dihydrides the subsystem of additional light atoms distributed on the set of octa-positions reveals a tendency to form ordered spatial configurations, which is associated with corresponding changes of the internal energy of light atoms. Generally, in rare-earth hydrides we have to consider as well the subsystem of local magnetic moments associated with metal ions, but in the hydrogen-rich cerium hydride magnetic interactions in the lattice we assume to be negligibly small. In such conditions the measured heat capacity C(T) of the given M-H compound consists of the following main components: a) heat capacity caused by acoustic waves in the metal lattice, b) heat capacity caused by local vibrations of light interstitial atoms in tetra- and octa-interstitial positions (characterized by different local frequencies), c) heat capacity related to the ordering processes in the subsystem of octa-hydrogen atoms, and d) heat capacity induced by conduction electrons. Basing on the standard mathematic expressions for the heat capacity ingredients mentioned above and using the set of energy constants defined in our previous article, an excellent coincidence between the calculated and measured C(T) dependencies is obtained in a wide temperature range. Fig. 5, Ref. 7.

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12.B2.4. Dynamic mechanical properties of boron-doped monocrystalline germanium. /G. Chubinidze, I. Kurashvili, G. Bokuchava, Z. Chachkhiani, G. Darsavelidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 89-93. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Microstructure, electrophysical properties and characteristics of dynamical shear modulus and microplastic deformation of boron-doped monocrystalline germanium were investigated. Bulk crystals of germanium were obtained by Czochralski method in [111] crystallographic direction. Boron concentration in monocrystals was changed in the 5·10¹⁶-5·10₁₉cm^-3 interval. Dislocation density determined by estimation of the quantity of etching pits was changed from 10³ to 5·10⁴cm^-2. It has been established that an increase of boron concentration in monocrystalline germanium causes a decrease of current carriers mobility and an increase of the absolute value of shear modulus in comparison with undoped specimens. After high temperature annealing tendency to increasing of current carrier mobility, dynamical shear modulus and elastic limit was revealed. By investigations of internal friction and dynamical shear modulus amplitude dependences of boron-doped monocrystalline germanium the following results were received. The values of elastic limit, dynamical shear modulus and critical strain amplitude of Ge:B monocrystals were determined. It has been established that weakly boron-doped monocrystalline germanium is characterized by high elastic limit, critical strain amplitude and shear modulus. This is due to structure strengthening, caused by an increase of dislocation blocking by boron atoms. In the case of high concentration of boron simultaneously with the strengthening process, “softening” process has taken place. It is determined by fulfillment of broken electron bonds near to dislocation cores that has caused decrease of activation energy of dislocation motion. On the basis of changes of interaction nature of dislocations and boron atoms mechanisms of strengthening and softening processes of structure under the influence of boron were analyzed. Fig. 2, Tab. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.B2.5. Study of the process of obtaining metal chlorides from materials containing tungsten. /Z. Mirijanashvili, G. Tavadze, V. Gharibashvili, A. Kandelaki/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 94-99. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Technological parameters of simultaneous production of pure tungsten hexachloride (WCI⁶) and a complex salt (NiFeCI₄) have been established by the study of the basic kinetic characteristics of the chlorination process of tungsten-containing waste. The process of chlorination is possible in an autothermal mode. Fig. 3, Ref. 8.

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12.B2.6. Natural zeolite – one of the possibilities of transition from chemical to biological agronomy. /T. Andronikashvili, M. Zautashvili, L. Eprikashvili, N. Burkiashvili, N. Pirtskhalava/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 111-118. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Some aspects of transition from chemical to biological agronomy are discussed in the article. Attention is focused on the questions of use of natural zeolites of sedimentary origin in practice of plant growing. On the basis of the researches carried out at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries, positive influences of the natural zeolites on its physical and chemical properties, biological activity and efficiency are established. Ref. 34.

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12.B2.7. Isolation and biochemical characterization of mannose-specific lectin from Georgian endemic plant Polygonatum obtusifolium Miscz. rhizomes./N. Dumbadze, N. Aleksidze, G. Aleksidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. –N2. – pp. 119-124. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

From the Georgian endemic medicinal plant Polygonatum obtusifolium Miscz. rhizomes hemagglutinin (lectin SABA-1) was separated and partially purified. It was revealed that minimal hemagglutinating activity of lectin is 0.01 mg/ml. SABA-1 is a thermostable protein and maintains hemagglutinating activity during 15 min incubation at 60^oC. Hemagglutinating activity of lectin SABA-1 is inhibited by mannose, a-methylmannopyranozide and N-acethyl-D-glucosamine. Lectin SABA-1 belongs to the mannose-specific lectins class. Fig. 4, Tab. 3, Ref. 9.

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12.B2.8. New data on Georgian species of freshwater horsehair worms (Nematomorpha: Gordiida). /O. Gorgadze, A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, N. Kintsurashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 125-128. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The results of the taxonomic studies of the freshwater hairworms spread at present in Georgia are given in the work. Based on the light and electron microscopic studies species Gordionus violaceus Baird, 1853 from the Gordionus genus is described for Georgia for the first time. Fig. 1, Ref. 7.

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12.B2.9. Arginase in the organs of water snake (Natrix tessellata, Laurenti, 1768) and cestode (Ophiothaenia europaea, Odening, 1963) parasitizing in it. /K. Nikolaishvili, T. Lomidze, L. Murvanidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 129-133. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The activity of arginase in the organs of water snake (Natrix tessellata) and cestode (Ophiothaenia europaea) inhabiting its intestine was determined. pH optimums are established. It was shown that the greatest activity of arginase in water snake was noted in kidneys and the least activity was in the liver. No arginase was detected in the intestine. Considerable activity of the arginase of the parasite is established. The role of biochemical adaptation of arginase in the system parasite-host is discussed. Tab. 2, Ref. 7.

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12.B2.10. ”Gorda”- a new short-stemmed botanical and genetic variety of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) obtained by induced mutagenesis. /P. Naskidashvili, G. Chkhutiashvili, D. Bedoshvili, M. Naskidashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 134-137. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Short-stemmed super dwarf wheat “Gorda” is obtained via treating seeds of the French-bred winter variety “Ducat” (released for distribution in Georgia) by 0.01% solution of chemical mutagene NMU – nitrosomethylurea. “Gorda” is a mutant form of winter wheat. The plant is bunch forming with reduced numbers and lengths of internodes and its maximal height is 26-27 cm. The leaves are broad and erect. The stems are short, firm and they hardly bend. The spikes are awnless, short (4-5 cm), flat and dense, in which grown underdeveloped florets are densely arranged on the spike rachis. The glumes of the spikelet are convex. “Gorda” is a late variety for as many as 10-12 days as compared to the regular local check varieties. It is susceptible to leaf rust and powdery mildew. Grain is shriveled and therefore the mass of its thousand kernels does not exceed 30 g. Grain raw gluten content is about 27-28%. “Gorda” represents breeding material of new inheriting property, which can be used as initial material for developing shortstemmed varieties with 2-3 height reducing genes. Fig. 5, Ref. 7.

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12.B2.11. Comparison of the results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposits of Eastern Georgia./I. Shatilova, L. Maisuradze, I. Kokolashvili, Kakhaber Koiava/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 138-144. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposits of Eastern Georgia are given. The similarity in dynamics of terrestrial and marine biocenosis is established. Fig. 2, Ref. 15.

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12.B2.12. Biological corrosion of materials and protection methods. /A. Chikovani, Z. Karumidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 112-116. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

During the operation of engineering structures in the humid environment, different materials can undergo influence of various corrosion and among them biological corrosion as well. The article presents the bio-corrosion types and investigates its causes. Simple and reliable methods of protection, namely coating and impregnating with cyanide-containing materials, are given. Tab. 2, Ref. 4.

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12.B2.13. Vermitechnology – introduction and usage in Georgia. /M. Kokhia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 288-291. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Based on the numerous cases of poisoning the population caused by excessive use of nitrate fertilizers and various chemicals, scientists decided to draw attention to the seriousness of the problem and inform the society about the importance of implementing vermitechnology to get ecologically pure and safe bio products. The vermitechnology and vermiculture is at least a century old but it is now being revived worldwide with diverse ecological objectives such as waste management, soil detoxification and regeneration and sustainable agriculture. Earthworms act in the soil as aerators, grinders, crushers, chemical degraders and biological stimulators. Earthworms secrete enzymes, proteases, lipases, amylases, celluloses and chitins in their digestive tract that make rapid biochemical transformations of cells and protein-containing compounds into such organic compounds, which restore and enrich soils. Earthworms dramatically alter soil structure, water movement, nutrient dynamics, and plant growth. They are not essential to all healthy soil systems, but their presence is usually an indicator of a healthy system. Earthworms perform several beneficial functions. All this will make it possible to start a continuous production of bio humus in «conscious" peasants’ farms and its intensive usage Furthermore, the high-efficiency natural organic fertilizer obtained with earthworms’ help is a warranty of a good harvest and provides ecologically pure product. Ref. 3.

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12.B2.14. Study of nutrition and biological values of wine-making waste materials containing protein concentrates. /G. Grigorashvili, A. Khotivari/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 295-298. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The chemical composition of the protein concentrations extracted from wine-making waste materials (grape stones, grape pomace and wine yeast sediment) has been determined. Using chemical and biological methods, the value of a protein concentrate has been evaluated. The relative biological value of protein concentrates of stones, grape pomace and wine yeast sediment is 71.4; 83.4 and 79.7% respectively. Tab. 2, Ref. 6.

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12.B2.15. Investigation of the chemical composition of lemon basil’s essential oils spread in Georgia. /N. Baghaturia, N. Begiashvili, L. Kotorashvili, M. Ormotsadze, B. Baghaturia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 334-337. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The chemical composition of lemon basil’s essential oils spread in Georgia has been studied at the Institute of Food Industry. By using the gas-liquid chromatography method, 26 compositions in the lemon basil essential oil were identified. The existence of large quantities of citral adds a pleasant lemon aroma to the essential oils, which enables to use said oil instead of lemon oil used in food. Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.B2.16. Method of biological titration for revealing the presence of Schiz acidodevorax. /N. Baghaturia, E. Ediberidze, N. Lomsadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 337-340. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Most of organic acids play an important role in biochemical process during winemaking and their decomposition greatly influences the quality of fruit–berry wines. According to the survey, a detailed study of the quality and frequency of spreading acid-lowering yeast-Schizosaccharohas has been made. Also, for exposing the availability of Schiz.acidodevorax amony microflora, a special method of biological titration has been worked out. Tab. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.B2.17. Geometry of all-boron nano-tubes with reduced numbers of bonds. /L. Chkhartishvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 383-386. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Using nano-tubular boron in nano-technology has an advantage over that of nano-tubular carbon because of possibility to control the chirality mainly determining physical properties of the nano-tubular material. There are available a number of technological applications for all-boron nano-tubes – metallic wiring in nano-electronics, protection against neutron irradiation and accompanying gamma-irradiation, etc. The analytic geometric model previously developed for boron nano-tubes with perfectly 6-co-ordinated chemical bonds ere extended to degenerate forms with reduced numbers of bonds between neighboring boron atoms. Based on this model, geometric parameters of some ultra-small-diameter nano-tubes are estimated. Degenerated forms of all-boron nano-tubes together can form ultra-nano-scale fibers, in which lacking bonds are restored. Besides, such a degenerate structure can serve as the core of a multi-walled boron nano-tube. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 14.

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12.B2.18. Removal of gold and silver ions from aqueous solution using Spirulina platensis. /E. Gelagutashvili, E. Ginturi, N. Bagdavadze, N. Kuchava, A. Rcheulishvili, M. Janjalia, L. Tugushi/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 387-390. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Removal of gold and silver ions from aqueous solution using Spirulina platensis for neutral pH were studied at simultaneous application of dialysis and atomic absorption analysis. The bio-sorption constants, nature of interaction and bio-sorption capacity for Ag(I)-Spirulina platensis and Au(III)-Spirulina platensis were determined. The bio-sorption constants for Ag(I)-Spirulina platensis and Au(III)- Spirulina platensis equal 13.0 x10^-4 and 2.1 x10^-4 respectively. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 8.

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12.B2.19. Anisotropy photo-induction during the mass associations of dyed molecules in gelatin films. /T. Ebralidze, N. Ebralidze, G. Mumladze/. Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – V.II. – pp. 265-268. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

By using video-microscopy, a picture of the formation of anisotropy photo-induction in the form of grains in time is shown, when anisotropy in the film is induced in individual micro-grains and the concentration and sizes of the grains are modulated depending on the light exposition. This phenomenon was observed in the gelatin film dyed with the mixture prepared with the saturated solutions of Chrysophenine and Acridine Yellow mixed with proportion 1:1. Ref. 17, Fig. 11.

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12.B2.20. Chemical nitridation of GaAs (001) surfaces. /V. Berkovits, T. Vova, V. Ulin, T. Minashvili, G. Iluridze, K. Davitadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 447-450. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Using Auger electron spectroscopy we have studied chemical compositions of GaAs(001) surfaces subjected to wet chemical treatment in hydrazine-sulfide solutions. It was found that the treatment produces a surface nitridation and forms continuous GaN films of monolayer thickness on the both surfaces. Due to high stability of the Ga-N bonds the nitride films are thermally and chemically stable and can be used for surface passivation. The chemical nitridation of GaAs(001) substrates produces a marked improvement of ideality factors of Au/GaAs Schottky structures and decreases strongly a spread of their I-V characteristics. Fig. 2, Ref. 13.

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B3. Geology. Geodesy

12.B3.1. Duration of Mesozoic orogenies (by the example of Georgia). / Ph. Maisadze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N2. – pp. 100-110. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

On the basis of litho-facies analysis of Mesozoic deposits that accumulated during the development of orogenies (phases of folding), the processes of sedimentation accompanying these phases of folding as well as some paleogeographic and structural changes have been considered. Each phase of folding was accompanied mainly by synorogenic regressive formations. They were a direct consequence and criterion of manifestation of the tectonic movements. The most important among the manifested orogenies in the considered territory in the Mesozoic was the Chegem orogeny. It formed the main morphostructural units and mostly predetermined the character and appearance of present-day structure of the region. With due regard to the age of regressive deposits and geochronological data the first attempt to determine the duration of each orogeny was made. As to the Cenozoic orogenies, they will be discussed in a separate article of the same journal. Fig. 2, Ref. 35.

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12.B3.2. On a potential danger of sudden outburst of rocks and gas at Tkibuli-Shaori carbon field deep horizons. /I. Tsintsadze, Z. Gordeziani/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 4-8. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

For the purpose of regional prognosis of sudden outburst of sandstones and gas, the authors have analyzed ten factors: genetic types of sandstones, coal mark, depth from the surface, porosity of sandstones, quality of filling in of pores with gas, border of durability of sandstones pressing and stretching, elasticity module, methane content and gas pressure. Comparison of the appropriate rank indicators makes it clear that there exists a danger of sudden outburst of sandstones and gas field deep horizons. There has been made a preliminary conclusion that siltstone represents a danger of sudden throwing of gas and rock along with the sandstones. Tab. 3, Ref. 16.

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12.B3.3. The slope stability calculation problem. /N. Kukuladze, T. Pirtskhalava/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 9-11. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

Modern engineering methods for calculating the stability of slopes, depending on the acceptance of the original hypotheses are systematized. It is shown that at the present time the main challenge in practical calculations is to predict the most possible form of slope failure, as well as the appointment of the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks with their changes over a long period of time k_st the estimated value of the coefficient of stability must be compared with the corresponding – standard value indicator, which regulates the procedure for determining the current standard. Finally, the condition must be met Fig. 2, Ref. 5.

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12.B3.4. The composition of conditions and principles of their determination for calculation of reserves of the Chiatura Manganese Deposit. /A. Kikabidze, I. Erkomaishvili, G. Shatberashvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 11-15. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The analysis of mining-and-geological and mining conditions of a mine working at the Chiatura Manganese Deposit shows that the methods of determination of parameters of conditions in regard to the manganese mines do not promote the fullest utilization of their reserves. Proceeding from the structure of the manganese series and from the presence of the clear borders between the ore interlayers and the dead rock, it is necessary and enough to determine the minimal industrial content of the useful component in the manganese ores for contouring of balance reserves. The practice of determination of the dimension of minimal thickness of the non-conditional interlayer of the dead rock in the contour of the whole stratum of the deposit without taking into account of the parameters of mining and the content of the useful component in the balance resources might result in either unprofitable development or unjustified waste of manganese ores. In process of development of the manganese stratum the minimal content of useful component in the balance reserves varies from 12 to 14% and from 14 to 16% on the slopes. Fig. 2, Tab. 2, Ref. 2.

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12.B3.5. Worked out fields of Tkubuli-Shaori Deposit and caused deformations. /D. Kupatadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 15-17. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The question of influence of worked out fields on ecosystem of Shaori reservoirs is considered. Deep cracks with width of 10-15 cm, landslides, situated on Earth surface building’s deformation within the range Nakerala and it is elopes are fixed, in general throated to ecosystems of Shaori reservoir. Therefore it is expedient and necessary to study the influence of worked out fields on the ecosystems of environment. The results carried out by VNIMI investigations are considered also. These results are ineffective for Tkibuli-Shaori deposit’s conditions. It follows that it is necessary and appropriate to carry out investigations of strained-deformation condition of rocks above the developed fields of Tkibuli-Shaori deposit. Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.B3.6. Evaluation of Tkibuli-Shaori black coal deposit due to expected natural-technology hazards. /D. Kupatadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 18-19. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

In the article gas content, dust exposure, underground pressure, endogenous fires of Tkibuli-Shaori black coal deposit are considered. In this respect, the deposit is hard-developed because it should be considered as gas-coal deposit. Concerning the underground pressure, it belongs to dangerous deposits as it consists of chemical low, middle and high active coals. Ref. 5.

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12.B3.7. Analysis of technological schemes of underground mining of manganese ore by applying computer simulation. /N. Bochorishvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 20-24. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

A mathematical model of production processes of ore extraction in stopes has been developed and an economic analysis of technological schemes has been carried out on its basis. A relation between reduced operational expenditures and sizes of cleaning slopes and speed of face advance have been studied by computer simulation. The model enables to establish technological parameters of getter of ore in stopes reasonably. It can be applied for organizational and operation planning of mine. Fig. 4, Ref. 12.

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12.B3.8. Analysis of two basic methods of tunnel construction. /L. Japaridze, S. Demetrashvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 24-27. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

In the article the most well-known methods of tunneling have been described: the so-called New Austrian Method (NATM) and the Observational method, as well as their application and differences. The NATM method uses all the means and methods of construction of underground structures, but it is mainly characterized by the widespread use of the control and measuring apparatus and monitoring. The normative documents and the literature provide some very important comments and recommendations, non-observance of which negates the effectiveness of use of control measurements. The Observational method of tunnel construction can contain some components of NATM, but the instrumental control and monitoring are not used or are of little importance. Some criteria that characterize this method are given. Ref. 6.

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12.B3.9. Optimization of settling process in multi-cell setting machine. /R. Enageli, M. Qitoshvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 28-31. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The article discusses the results of settling process optimization in multi-cell settling machine for the conditions of the central factory of Chiatura. According to the mathematical model of the process and technological criteria of optimization, the optimization method – graphic version of rectilinear programming is selected. Searching for optimum is implemented in two different ways; the obtained results practically coincide with each other. A summarizing schedule of optimization, which gives an opportunity to determine optimal amount of it according to each requested importance of concentration quality, has been worked out. Proper sizes of governing influence are determined from the functions of aim and limitation. Fig. 4, Ref. 5.

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12.B3.10. Optimization of a setting process by foreseeing the dangerous effect. /R. Enageli, M. Qitoshvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 32-35. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The article discusses the question of optimization of settling process of magnum ore by foreseeing the dangerous effect. The laws governing the air amount acceptable in the first and third cells of the settling machine by foreseeing the dangerous influence – changes the quality of richening ore and air pressure in the air part of the settling machine are used. The appropriate governing way is offered. Fig. 5, Ref. 3.

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12.B3.11. Analysis of economic effectiveness of Tkibuli-Shaori Mine coal usage in some industrial fields of Georgia. /S. Makharadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 36-38. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

An analysis of reached economic effectiveness of using Tkibuli-Shaori mine coal (instead of imported coal) in some industrial fields of Georgia is given in the article. According to the results of the analysis, it is proved that if Tkibuli-Shaori mine raw coal is used for Tkibuli 13.2 MW thermal power plant and washed coal from the same mine for cement production and also for semi coke production for ferro alloy plants instead of imported coal and coke, an important economical effectiveness, which is more than USD 20 million, can be reached. Ref. 5.

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12.B3.12. The expert results of the hydraulic calculation for the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline on Tbilisi territory. /L. Makharadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 39-45. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The expert results of the hydraulic calculation for the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline on Tbilisi territory are discussed in the assay. Expert calculations are done according to the demands of the former Soviet Union (now Russian Federation) and USA engineer-mechanists normative documents. According to the calculations, it is proved that today maximum actual capacity of gas pipeline for transported natural gas is very low and non-rational (K=0,172), which is completely economically unjustified. It is possible to increase the volume of transported natural gas, according to the pipeline diameter and pressure developed by the existing compressor and pressure lowering stations, which stipulates significant improvement of the entire system and technical-economical performance. Fig. 3, Ref. 14.

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12.B3.13. Searching the stableness of stone material under conditions of the simplest pressure. /N. Bochorishvili, A. Bezhanishvili, I. Bochorishvili, N. Razmadze, S. Gigauri/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 46-52. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The work discusses the main results and the simplest modern methods of searching the stableness of stone material, as well as characteristics of elasticity of stone materials, which are determined by peculiarities of their composition. The majority of tests are done in the terms of one-axis pressing, as today the indexes of pressing tests determine the characteristics of stableness of the stone materials. As a result of the test, it is established that when examining the stableness of the stone material, the form and size of the samples are important. The absolute sizes of the samples significantly influence the stableness index. It is established that stableness is increased with increasing the sizes of the samples. Fig. 6, Tab. 1, Ref. 12.

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12.B3.14. Processing and analyzing results of examination for stableness of the samples made by the cement mortar grout. /N. Bochorishvili, I. Bochorishvili, N. Machavariani, N. Ratiani, S. Gigauri/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 53-59. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The work discusses: different methods of analyzing the results of the tests during pressing and stretching of the samples; methods of the tests for determining the stableness; the stableness of man-made stones as the schedules; the results of the tests are compared with the values calculated by theoretical formulas; for the purpose of using the product of construction and facing stones in construction, the methods determining new way of learning the physical-mechanical characters of the blocks made by natural and cement mortar grout, when the side hydrostatic pressure of pressing in increased as well the methods of determining stableness of stone material in the terms of one-axis stretching are discussed. Fig. 6, Tab. 1, Ref. 8.

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12.B3.15. A combined method of residual oil development in boreholes on Supsa oil deposit under reanimation /T. Khitarishvili, I. Goguadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 60-62. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

In the article, the method of increasing of oil extraction from boreholes subjected to reanimation on Supsa oil deposit is considered and analyzed. As a result of analysis, it is concluded that for increasing oil extraction a heating cable is to be installed in parallel with the pumping-compressor-tubes, which are supplied with the direct pulsating current heating the contained oil up to 80⁰C, as a result of which the extraction increases. Fig. 3, Ref. 5.

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12.B3.16. The ventilation of blind workings of water-supply tunnel of hydro power in case of generation of a carbon dioxide in the massif. /O. Lanchava, I. Gventsadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 70-74. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

A question of local sources of carbon dioxide are considered in this work that were detected during tunneling of a water-supply tunnel of Lukhuni hydro power coordinated system. This led to the termination of tunnel works, since an unfavorable for breathing environment has been formed endangering the staff with poisoning. According to various measurements, the carbon dioxide concentration varied in the range of 4.5-5.5%. Temporary and permanent ventilation ways of blind workings are proposed. T. Fig. 3, Ref. 1.

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12.B3.17. New, high-efficiency fire-protective covers based on mineral raw materials. /L. Gurchumelia, F. Bejanov, V. Tkemaladze, L. Tkemaladze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 82-85. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The work describes the ways of development of new, high-efficient, not expensive fire-protective covers containing only binder substances and fillers. Mineral raw materials: zeolites, perlites and dolomites are used as filling, which have been selected according their high operating properties and due to the factors indicating the reduction of burning processes. The fire-protective covers are prepared by mechanical mixing of binder substances and fillers. The proposed method of obtaining such fire-protective covers does not require additional chemical processing and deployment of expensive fire retardants. Therefore, the obtained covers will be at the same time cheaper than imported analogues. Fig. 1, Tab. 2, Ref. 8.

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12.B3.18. Measures for improvement of metro tunnels’ stability. /L. Khimshiashvili/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 86-90. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The work gives a survey of engineering works carried out in order to reveal the defects and disorders at the complicated sections of Tbilisi underground and gives recommendations for this problem solving. In order to establish cavity sizes in the fastening part of the tunnels, it is recommended to apply optical (photo-elastic) methods, while for improvement of the quality of cracks filling in the cavities – pressurization by sand and cement mortar; their optimum ratio for various kinds of fastenings is given; the application of local natural resources (bentonite clay, etc) as additions to the proposed solutions significantly improves impermeability, while reducing total expenses. Fig. 4, Ref. 8.

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B4. Geography. Cartography. Astronomy

12.B4.1. Preventing a severe convective storm: anticipatory restratification of lower atmosphere. /I.Shekriladze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012 . – V.6, N2. – pp. 73-82. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The distributed anticipatory restratification concept (DARC) points the way to prevent severe convective storm. DARC provides artificial discharge instability energy of moist unstable lower atmosphere by convective clouds proactively forced in the area to be protected. The paper discusses some problems associated with the implementation of distributed proactive forcing (DPF) (the previous scheme of DARC). It is shown that the so-called meteotron, previously developed as a technical means to increase rainfall in arid areas, can be much more effective through the realization of DARC in a moist unstable lower atmosphere close to the development of severe convective storm. As follows from the simplified analysis, the required trust of the meteotron and its single run time strongly depend on the distance up to the bottom of capping inversion, the other conditions being equal. This puts to the fore the implementation of the schemes with location of meteotrons on mountain tops and in the marine environment. On this basis the new scheme of imported proactive forcing (IPF) is proposed. The potential applications of IPF for preventing hailstorms in the Alazani Valley (with location of the meteotrons on the mountain tops) and excessive rains in Ajara (with location of the meteotrons in the marine environment) are considered. The potential of DARC to prevent the development of severe tornadoes is outlined. The evaluation is made showing that the main conclusion of simplified analysis of the strong dependence of the main operating parameters on the distance up to the capping inversion will remain in force after a thorough analysis of the problem as well. Fig. 6, Ref. 22.

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12.B4.2. A numerical study of the vertical hydrological structure of the Black Sea under transitive climatic forcing conditions. /D. Demetrashvili, D. Kvaratskhelia/. Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Bulletin. – 2012 . – V.6, N2. – pp. 83-88. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The paper presents a numerical investigation of the vertical structure of hydrological fields of the Black Sea for transitive (April) climatic conditions. With this purpose a 3-D baroclinic model of the Black Sea dynamics of M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics with consideration of simultaneous influence of the non-stationary atmospheric circulation and thermohaline action by both the Dirichlet and Neumann upper boundary conditions is used. The performed numerical experiment has promoted the primary role of thermohaline impact on the formation of the vertical structure of the Black Sea circulation within the upper 0-306 m layer for transitive climatic conditions. Fig. 2, Tab. 1, Ref. 7.

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B5. Other Natural and Exact Sciences

12.B5.1. Application of Cherenkov effect to increase the safety of nuclear plants. /B. Chiladze, N.Lomidze, M.Nioradze, A. Sidelnikov, I. Trekov/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012 . – V.6, N2. – pp. 67-72. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Development of atomic power engineering with nuclear fuel cycle brings forward the requirement of the condition control of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF). First of all, these are burnup, isotope structure of nuclear materials and fission products, data on the condition of shells of fuel elements, etc. It should be noted that detailed analysis of the specified parameters is important at all stages of the nuclear fuel life cycle at the nuclear power plant and in general at plant independently of the reactor type. Various aspects of increasing the safety of nuclear plants working on thermal neutrons are discussed. A new method based on application of Cherenkov effect and optical fiber for measurement of the nuclear radiation power, identification of the spent fuel assemblies and determination of the burning factor of the nuclear fuel is considered. Knowledge of burnup depth and isotope structure is necessary for elaboration of recycling strategy or burial of radioactive wastes. It is also important to reliably identify the spent fuel assemblies (SFA) to exclude the possibility of leak of the SNF, which may be used for manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. Fig. 2, Tab. 2, Ref. 7.

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C. TECHNICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES. SECTORS OF ECONOMY

C1. Power Industry

12.C1.1. Bases of a systematic approach to the development of an effective state regulation of energy market. /T. Birkovich/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 80-86. – eng; abs.: eng.

The structure of energy supply market differentiated by type of activity and development of its areas of state regulation is substantiated. The bases of a systematic approach to the formation of effective state regulation of market power are given. Ref. 5.

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12.C1.2. Assessment of real efficiency of a photo-cell given the amount of heat produced by it. /J. Avaliani, R. Chikovani, I. Avaliani, T. Khachidze, S. Kibler/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 62-65. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

This study relates to research, which will give us an opportunity to use solar energy photoelectric transformers more effectively. In particular, the research was carried out on the energy emitted by the photo element when it is effected by solar energy. If we use this energy for useful work (to heat the water), one can say that photo element effected by solar energy emits simultaneously two types of energy - electric and thermal. This means that useful coefficient is calculated by total work made by these two types of energy. The study was made on 1 cm² area Ga-As photo element, cooled by water. The Research showed that optimal value of electric and heat energy emitted by it was at 45⁰C temperature. In this case the efficiency increased by 47%. Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 2.

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12.C1.3. Computer simulation of energy efficiency (efficiency factor) of household woodstoves. /N. Lazashvili, O. Kiguradze, N. Bzhalava, T. Jishkariani/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 147-152. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Forests have multipurpose social, environmental and economic functions (including climate formation, water regulation, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, resort and recreation functions, etc.). Non-proper regulation of forests can lead the country to an environmental disaster. One of the major reasons for non-rational and illegal cutting of the firewood resources in Georgia is primitive consumption of firewood that is caused by low efficiency of the woodstoves which are able to use 30-40% of energy potential of the firewood. Even in case of increase of energy efficiency (efficiency factor) from 40% to 60% each family can save approximately 3,5 m³ firewood annually that makes 1,6 mln m³ in the country. Wide scale implementation of energy efficient wood stoves in the regions of Georgia has to be preceded by elaboration of a methodology for defining their energy efficiency and thermal calculations, solution of major calculation formulas, stating physical essence of the parameters of firewood and characteristic parameters of household woodstoves and correction factor, conduction of analysis of results of calculations, etc. All these require effort and time. That is why creation of computer calculation model, working out algorithms and their development and implementation by means of Excel table processor and programming language Visual Basic for Applications, will give chance for speeding up the calculations and improvement of accuracy of the received results. Fig. 2, Ref. 6.

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12.C1.4. Prospects of application of non-conventional renewable energy resources using energy-saving technologies in the Black Sea coast of Georgia. /N. Mirianashvili, Q. Vezirishvili, K. Vezirishvili-Nozadze, N. Grdzelishvili, V. Khatashvili, T. Gedevanishvili, V. Bakhtadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 157-159. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the report the potential aspects of non-conventional, renewable non-standard power resources of the resort-recreational area of the Black Sea coast development of Georgia, and in particular the site of Batumi-Anaklia, are estimated. Tab. 1, Ref. 10.

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12.C1.5. Arch dam foundation strength problems. /M. Kalabegishvili, R. Samkharadze, Z. Menagarishvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 272-278. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

This study is aimed to evaluate the anomalous seepage and its causes in the central part of the arch dam foundation. For this purpose, (by the example of Enguri arch dam) the study consisted of: analyses of foundation’s static stress state and current seepage processes, taking into account the grout curtain behavior, both independently, and together with the drainage, during reservoir filling/emptying (as part of unsteady regime); evaluation of crack development in view of decreased pressures and friction resulting from the crack mud filling process). The static and seepage analyses have been conducted using a 3-D Finite Element Model (FEM) of the dam-foundation. This report presents some results of the study. Fig. 9, Ref. 6.

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12.C1.6. Scales of wind energy use in Georgia. /K. Vezirishvili-Nozadze, N. Mirianashvili, T. Gedevanishvili, N. Gdzelishvili, V. Khatashvili, V. Bakhtadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 308-311. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Possible scales of use of wind power in Georgia are analyzed. Depending on speed of wind and its duration, it is possible to allocate five zones of territories in Georgia. Specific power capacities and specific annual developments of the electric power are defined. Technical and economic indicators of primary objects of a wind-driven power station are obtained and scales of use of the wind energy for 15-20 years with possible development of the electric power of 5-7 billion kW in a year are estimated. Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.C1.7. On reliability test of the elements of the power installation units in operation. /I. Lomidze, D. Namgaladze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 326-331. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Problems of reliability test of the elements of the power installation units in operation are presented. Control, speeded up, damaging, specifically the step-by-step test of reliability of power installation units, is examined. The Rayleigh probabilistic distribution for the material strength of the unit is obtained. Analytically is obtained the step-by-step test criterion, operational characteristic and step-by-step test plan. Step-by-step strength test operational characteristic and diagram are also plotted. Fig. 2, Ref. 6.

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12.C1.8. New type of the plasma jet engine-plasma reactor (PJE-PR). /A. Prangishvili, Z. Gasitashvili, M. Gelenidze, G. Gogia, D. Gelenidze, G. Gelenidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 114-116. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article gives a new type of the plasma jet engine-plasma reactor (PJE-PR). The principle of PJE-PR operation is based on converting electrical energy into kinetic energy in the plasma reactor through the phase transformation of already used structural materials and wastes of the life activity in the spaceship. Fig. 1, Ref. 2.

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12.C1.9. Use of stochastic approximation method for the prognosis of power system. /T. Mshvidobadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 223-226. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article discusses the optimization of power system development tasks. The optimal decision of the model is necessary to provide the accidental character of initial information; for this purpose the method of stochastic approximation is used. Ref. 3.

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12.C1.10. On the numerical solution of collinear cracks. /M. Kublashvili, T. Maghradze, M. Kublashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 226-229. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Constructed is a system of collinear cracks on the infinite plane, on the edges of which there are applied loads. The manner of stresses distribution in adjacency of cracks is studied. The mentioned task is reduced to the first kind of characteristic singular equations. For such equations a numerical high accuracy solution scheme is built. A program “Mathematica”, in the symbolic language is compiled and test tasks are calculated. Ref. 3.

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12.C1.11. Third generation solar cells based on the III-V semiconductor quantum dots structures. /T. Laperashvili, O. Kvitsiani/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp.229-235. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The importance of the III-V semiconductors for making new-generation solar cells from is shown. The basics of physics of wide-band solar cells are described. Based on a study of the photoelectrical characteristics of the photo-sensitive structures formed on the basis of the III-V group semiconductors, namely of wide-band semiconductor’s gallium phosphide (GaP) and by the growth of the In/GaP and/or InP nanocrystals, the possible application of gallium phosphide in new-generation Interband solar cells is demonstrated. Ref. 9.

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C2. Electrical Engineering. Electronics. Radio Engineering. Communications

12.C2.1. Unsteady rotation problem of the motion infinite porous plate with the falling stream of the conductive fluid with account of magnetic field and heat transfer in case of variable electric conductivity. /L. Jikidze, V. Tsutskiridze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 56-60. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

In this paper by means of the method of the consistent approximation the unsteady rotation problem of the motion infinite porous plate with the falling stream of the conductive fluid with components of velocity with account of magnetic field and heat transfer in case when the coefficient of electric conductivity is a function of temperature and into the plate takes place injection of the same flow with speed, has been studied. For determination of dynamic and heat thicknesses, differential equations are obtained and their exact solutions for the particular cases are written down. All physical parameters of the flow are calculated. Ref. 3.

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12.C2.2. Search and study of new possibly superconductive phases in texturized Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system synthesized using ecologically clean and energy saving solar energy based technology. /J. Chigvinadze, J. Acrivos, D. Gulamova, S. Ashimov, T. Machaidze, O. Maghradze, G. Donadze, G. Dvali, D. Uskenbaev/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 70-79. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Temperature dependences of dissipation and oscillation period of superconducting cylindrical high-temperature superconductive sample of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system suspended on a thin elastic thread and performing axial-torsional oscillations in a transverse magnetic field were investigated. Above critical temperatures of superconducting transitions of nominal (main) phases Bi/Pb 2223, Bi/Pb 2234 and Bi/Pb 2245 it was observed “chaos” regions in the temperature interval ΔT~1,5-2 T_c where it was fixed separate ripples of dissipation and frequency (period), it is supposed that “chaos” regions could point to the possibility of existence of other magnetic or High Temperature Superconductive phases with higher T_c and smaller concentrations as a separate superconducting islands in the matrix of normal materials of phases Bi/Pb 2223, Bi/Pb 2234 and Bi/Pb 2245. Fig. 5, Ref. 28.

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12.C2.3. Development of control systems for isotope separation processes. /M. Berezhiani, A. Turmanidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 150-154. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Experience and perspectives of control systems development of isotope separation high-tech processes in the enterprises by High Technology National Centre of Georgia are presented. It is important to use common approaches in the control systems engineering for these processes. Requirements for management systems are characterized by versatility, severity for reliability and accuracy, as well as some features that are specific for variable isotopic composition of substances. Fig. 2, Ref. 9.

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12.C2.4. Two-dimensional spectral analysis. /I. Kutsia, M. Sulashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 180-183. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Two-dimensional spectral analysis of spatial data can be used for Arrays (for example, image processing); space – time data for the array (for example, seismic and radar signals in case of hardware synthesis), or the time to process the data array. One-dimensional signal processing of signals cannot be generalized for two-dimensional signals. There are several methods, in particular, periodogram two-dimensional, two-dimensional dispersion and hybrid methods based on a minimum basis. Ref. 2.

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12.C2.5. On the concept of description of turbulence diffusion. /B. Mamporia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Transactions of the GTU. – 2012. – V.II. – pp. 204-207. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The main assumption of the paper is that the quantity of the so-called velocity pulsations at any fixed point in the turbulent environment is an integer-valued random process with independent increments (the Poisson Process), that can be broken down into two Poisson processes. The trajectories of the “insignificant” pulsations are described by the stochastic integral from the Wiener process, while the stochastic integral from the significant” pulsations corresponding Poisson process produces a new process with independent increments. By the stochastic integral from this process we receive the value of the velocity at a given point of the trajectory at a fixed time. That enables us to write the equation of the trajectory. Ref. 7.

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C3. Automation & Telemetry. Computer Engineering

12.C3.1. Characterization of the performance of hybrid wired/wireless networks. /L. Mirtskhulava, G. Gugunashvili, N. Datuashvili, M. Kiknadze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 40-41. – eng.; abs.: rus.

The article deals with the specification of the architecture of hybrid wired/wireless networks based on a standard field-bus protocol (PROFIBUS) extended with wireless subnets based on IEEE 802.11 and 802.15.4 technologies. These networks combine the advantages of both wired and wireless solutions. The advantages and disadvantages of several interconnection techniques are characterized. The basic aim of this article is to propose appropriate mechanisms and approaches supporting the real-time communication with a hybrid wired/ wireless networks based on the standard field-bus protocol (PROFIBUS) and within the given architecture. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.

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12.C3.2. Pattern perfection in MRI – frequency coding and gradients selection. /K. Kotetishvili, K. Kapanadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 41-44. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The problems of improvement of the image received at the magnetic-resonance imaging are considered, particularly, selection of gradients of frequency coding of the slice used in the experiment. The gradients of cross-sectional and longitudinal coding of the frequency are studied. It is shown that finally we arrive to the cylinder and ellipse-like surfaces of the image. The components of M magnetization on XY plane are calculated. Fig.2, Ref. 4.

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12.C3.3. Determining the number of neurons for recognition using the cluster identification methods. /O. Verulava, R. Khurodze, M. Chkhaidze, Z. Tsverikmazashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 155-161. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Recognition using neural network for determining the number of neurons for each pattern which provides error-free recognition of training set is discussed. It is known that the number of neurons in the layers of the modern neural networks used for recognition is determined on the basis of experiments, without theoretical justification, according to the heuristic considerations. In the presented paper a procedure for determining the number of neurons in the layers based on clustering is proposed. In addition, formal neuron’s recognizing function – "scalar product" as similarity measure for clustering is used. It provides a high level of clustering and recognition identity. On the first stage the number of neurons is determined for only one pattern. At the next stage the correction of the number of neurons takes place taking into consideration other system descriptions (templates). Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.C3.4. Modeling volume of a sample to a qualitative sign in audit. /L. Gabelaia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 168-172. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The problem of scoping of a sample to a qualitative sign in audit is considered. Accuracy of known model of scoping of the sample to a qualitative sign and model which directly follows from the corresponding statistical theory is investigated. Attempt of updating these models on the basis of correlation and regression analysis methods is made and modification of model having high enough indicators of accuracy is found. Possibility of updating of the received results taking into account volume of checked set is shown. Interpolation of tabular function of volume of sample to a qualitative sign is spent by means of MATLAB and the practical importance of the received results is shown. Fig. 1, Ref. 10.

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12.C3.5. Analysis of regression identification for linear control system. /Kh. Bardavelidze, A. Bardavelidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 235-239. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper presents evaluation matrix parameters of continuous control system with regression approach: system equation in state-space, both continuous and discrete forms. The example of system regression analysis discussed in drying apparatus by the example of open system for the stabilization of residual dampness of material; structural scheme of system in given. Coefficients of state space equation are presented by matrix form and numerical value. The calculation results are represented by graphs. In each step of research is MatLab program package is used. Ref. 4.

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12.C3.6. Price control modeling in economics. /G. Chikadze, Al. Ediberidze, I. Kutsia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 253-258. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Thy article discussed in the light of economic conditions the price formation process of mathematical modeling methods. Computer realization of these methods was specified in definite ways and means. Models simulate a country with very large flow of imported goods. Georgia is also to some extent attributable to such countries. This itself poses a threat to the national economic development process. The article analyzes the relationships that exist between the prices of imported consumer goods and the domestic ones. This relationship is very important because it very painful by reflects on the employees’ salaries, who work inside and outside of the given economic system. Modeling methods are used in the economic system, which is given in three sectors: R – Basic Resources Sector for reproduction, X – the public sector consumption, Y – personal consumption sector. Each of these functions is described in the industrial sector by means of functions. Ref. 4.

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C4. Mining. Metallurgy. Chemical Industry

12.C4.1. Study of high silica local rocks for the purpose of their application in glass production. /L. Gabunia, I. Kamushadze, I. Gejadze, E. Shapakidze, G. Nadareishvili, M. Tkemaladze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 3-6. – geo.; abs.: eng.

High‐silica local rocks of South East Georgia: rhyolites, ignimbrites and quartz adular metasomatites are studied. The experiments performed in laboratory environment established the possibility of reception of uniform, homogeneous glass melt with application of the mentioned rocks as the basic raw materials. High temperature glass melting of experimental compositions in trial industrial environments established possibility of molding fine glassware (saltcellars, ashtrays) and hexahedral glass slabs. Fig. 2, Tab. 3, Ref. 2.

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12.C4.2. Boron-free and fluorine-free primers and their linkage with steel. /I. Zedginidze, A. Sarukhanishvili, M. Kapanadze, M. Mshvildadze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 7-15. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The results of investigation carried out in the sphere of receiving of boron-free and fluorine-free primers of enamel are presented. For receiving of fluorine-free enamel the complex raw materials were used: glass breakage (GB) and magnesium-poor carbonate ore (CO). In order to state their quantity in boron-free and fluorine-free primers GB-CO-N₂O were studied in the region of glass formation in pseudo three-dimensional system. It is stated that in the mentioned system there are three sections of glass formation: in the first section glasses in 273-1273K interval maintain X-ray amorphism; in the second – the tendency of irization film formation at low temperatures is observed; and at further increase of temperature the tendency to surface crystallization becomes evident. Glasses of the third section are distinguished with high tendency to crystallization. The compositions of the first section were chosen as basis ones. On the basis of information sources and investigations of a number of authors the modification of basic boron-free and fluorine-free primers was performed by introduction of titanium oxide, lithium oxide and common salt. As a result boron-free and fluorine-free primer was obtained with quite good adhesion to steel surface and satisfying the requirements to the properties of coatings. The properties of the product obtained at boron-free and fluorine-free primer boiling and as a result of its boiling are considered and the question of primer nature used at modification and boron-free and fluorine-free primers adhesion with steel is considered. Fig. 4, Tab. 4, Ref. 22.

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12.C4.3. The effect of TiB2 and ZrB2 additives on boron carbide properties. /Z. Kovziridze, Z. Mestvirishvili, G. Tabatadze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 33-39. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Among hard melting compounds boron carbide is marked for high hardness, wear resistance, melting temperature, chemical inertness and low specific weight. In spite of these important properties its usage as of structural material is limited because of its brittleness. The article presents the results of research aiming to increase the impact elasticity factor using doping elements TiB₂ and ZrB₂. Optimum composition of composites is worked out, technological parameters of their receipt are stated, physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composites are studied. Fig. 4, Tab. 4, Ref. 16.

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12.C4.4. Study of electrical properties of celsian ceramics produce with single-stage technology. /R. Mchedlishvili, G. Donadze, T. Cheishvili, Z. Kovziridze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 40-45. – geo.; abs.: eng.

With a new, nontraditional single stage technology the electrical properties of low temperature celsian ceramics in five component composition is studied when electrical resistance is taken as an indicator. It has been stated that electrical resistance of materials is high (1012-1015 ohm.cm) and parameter value is determined with initial composition of masses and the technology of sample production. Fig. 4, Tab. 2, Ref. 13.

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12.C4.5. The effect of granulometry of a number of manganese-containing artificial materials on their solubility in test reagent. /M. Khutsianidze, M. Shavlakadze, T. Cheishvili/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 56-59. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Materials on the basis of manganese ore, manganese containing sulphate slime, mica and boric acid are received with thermal treatment. The interconnection of materials solubility in test reagent and their granulometry are studied. It is stated that grain size increase reduces materials solubility in reagent which is more characteristic in materials based on mica, manganese ore and boric acid. Fig. 2, Tab. 2, Ref. 7.

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12.C4.6. Production of foamed materials with application of local magmatic rocks. /L. Gabunia, I. Kamushadze, E. Shapakidze, I. Gejadze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 3-5. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Research is devoted to an analysis of the possibility of producing foamed heat-insulation materials with the application of local magmatic rock - perlite. On the basis of perlite-ashes and perlite-clay shale specified compositions of raw masses are studied for producing of expanded materials. By raw mix swelling, owing to selection of fractional composition and temperature schedule of treatment, the material with porous structure, which is characterized of low bulk weight and satisfactory mechanical strength is obtained. Tab. 2, Ref. 3.

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12.C4.7. Influence of solution composition on the leaching process of a cake produced from trachytes. /G. Demurishvili, N. Kadeishvili, M. Mchedlishvili/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 6-9. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The influence of a solution composition on the leaching process of a trachyte-to-limestone caked mass is studied. It is stated that the use of potassium carbonate containing solution acts positively on the quality of aluminate extraction from cake. It is also stated that an increase in the potassium carbonate concentration up to a certain level prevents SiO2 transition into solution. Fig. 2, Tab. 1, Ref. 6.

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12.C4.8. Producing composites on the basis of AL₂O₃–TiC-TiN system. /N. Kiknadze, G. Tabatadze, Z. Kovziridze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 10-12. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

As a result of X-ray diffraction, electron-microscopic and optical researches of composite materials of Al₂O₃–TiC-TiN system it is proved that at hot pressure of Al₂O₃–TiC-TiN system composites in temperature interval 1400-1550⁰C, titanium carbide and titanium nitride generate titanium carbonitride. Under conditions of hot pressing titanium carbide, titanium nitride and small additions of oxides (MgO, Y₂O₃) and carbon retard the growth of aluminum oxide grains and provide material compactness and mechanical strength. Fig. 3, Tab. 1, Ref. 9.

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12.C4.9. On the problem of producing glass materials on the basis of granite industry waste, volcanic ash and cullet. /T. Cheishvili, G. Loladze, V. Gordeladze/. Ceramics. – 2011. – N2(25). – pp. 38-41. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The compositions of glass materials for production of glass slabs (including that of chemically resistant) and glass enamels for decorative coat on the basis of anthropogenic raw material – granite industry waste, volcanic ash and cullet are developed. Charge compositions, conditions of synthesis, characteristic properties of glass materials and conditions of glass slabs enameling are given. Fig. 1, Tab. 3, Ref. 6.

Auth.

12.C4.10. Determination of the interrelation of technological and construction characteristics of direct rolling process. /G. Kevkhishvili, T. Namicheishvili, I. Zhordania, J. Loria, Z. Melashvili, V. Ramishvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.69-74. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Traditional technology of rolling includes casting of primary billet of large cross-section and then producing thin sheets by hot rolling. Method of direct rolling, in contrast with the traditional technology, allows obtain thin sheets (0.6-6 mm) by combining processes of continuous casting of liquid metal and rolling. The method of direct rolling is fairly simple. Liquid metal is passed through a pair of rotating rolls, which are located in horizontal plane at a certain distance from each other equipped with cooling system. By varying rotation velocity of rolls it is possible to regulate metal solidification front which is necessary to establish required conditions for hot rolling process. In the present paper mechanism of billet formation in the combined crystallizer is considered in detail. Method of theoretical determination of the main technological characteristics of direct rolling for both ferrous and nonferrous metals is conducted. Interrelation of these parameters with construction and energy-power characteristics of the casting-rolling mill is defined. On the basis of the investigation results a pilot casting-rolling mill was designed and fabricated in metal. Fig. 5, Tab. 1, Ref. 6.

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12.C4.11. New data on the formation and age of orthoclase gabbro of the Dzirula crystalline massif (Georgia). /D. Shengelia, L. Shubitidze, Sun-Lin Chung, Han-Yi Chiu, Peter Treloar/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.75-82. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Orthoclase gabbro of the Dzirula crystalline massif incorporates the rocks of different genetic groups: protolith of the gabbroic intrusion, hybrid rock – orthoclase gabbro and leucocratic quartz-feldspar bearing formation. The rocks of all three genetic groups are dated by the U-Pb LA-ICPMS zircon age method. The apparent age of zircon in the protolith of gabbroic intrusive and in hybrid orthoclase gabbro, respectively wt.mean 221±1.9 and 221.9±2.2Ma, records the time of crystallization of the intrusive and the apparent age of zircons (wt.mean 323±2.9Ma) from leucocratic quartz-K-feldspar formations, as well as the inherited Late Variscan age (323±9, 329±8.3, 332±10 and 335±11Ma) of zircons of hybrid orthoclase gabbro corresponds to the age of formation of Late Variscan granitoids widespread in the Dzirula crystalline massif. Fig. 3, Ref. 24.

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12.C4.12. Palaeogeography of the Sarmatian of Eastern Georgia. /K. Koiava, L Maisuradze, A. Strasser, I. Shatilova, L. Kvaliashvili, V. Glonti/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.91-98. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The limits of the Kura bay and of the adjoining tectonic high zones and depressions were inherited from the Middle Miocene and continued to exist. They had an important role in controlling the distribution of the sedimentary facies. The poorness in marine faunas of the Early Sarmatian deposits, together with the character of thickness and facies, suggest that these sediments formed in a big brackish basin. Towards the north and south from this basin, great mountain ranges of sublatitudinal direction existed. At the beginning of the Middle Sarmatian there were no important changes in the palaeogeographical and geotectonical situation. The basin expanded slightly towards the north, which is reflected by transgressive deposits of the Middle Sarmatian age on the northern Kakheti range (Chailuri, Manavi, Burdiani). The relatively homogeneous facies allows to suppose that the palaeogeographical and sedimentary conditions did not change for a long time. The orogenic movements, which began at the end of the Middle Sarmatian, reached their maximum in the Late Sarmatian (the Attic orogenic phase) and on the whole territory of Eastern Georgia a continental regime was established. Extension and depth of water bodies were significantly reduced: in the late Sarmatian the sea on the territory of Eastern Georgia was divided into isolated or semi-isolated comparatively small basins – lakes, lagoons. Fig. 4, Ref. 12.

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12.C4.13. The device for plasma-mechanical drilling of hard rocks. /Z. Sabashvili, D. Tavkhelidze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 166-169. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The process of mechanical drilling of hard rocks is connected with substantial economical expenses connected with high duration of drilling and as the result intense wear of bores. In order to minimize the bores wear the set of mechanical drilling is equipped with plasma torch having a special indirect action design. The said plasma torch provides heating of drilling rocks up to high temperature and then momentary cooling. This process causes the appearance of thermal impact, which as the result cracks and destructs the processed rocks, which promotes the increase of the resource of mechanical bore operation. Plasma torch construction provides stable ignition of the arc at any depth and operation resource of thermo-loaded units during the whole process of drilling. Fig. 1, Tab. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.C4.14. Joining of an additional side electrode to the engine spark plug. /A. Sulamanidze, M. Khutsishvili, Z. Sabashvili, L. Chanadiri, A. Metreveli, G. Vatitadze, L. Bakuradze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 66-69. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Joining of a basic or additional electrode to the engine spark plug is an important technical task. In this article, it is suggested to resolve this problem by resistance surface-to-surface welding. To achieve the uniform temperature distribution in the welding zone between the case and the electrode, we must have equal cross-sections of the parts to be welded. For this purpose, we should make two longitudinal cuts 2.5 mm wide in the case, which the additional electrode will be welded to. Based on the heat balance relation of welding, the equation for calculation of the values of welding current strength and density were derived. The numerical values calculated by these equations are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. Ref. 3.

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C5. Mechanical Engineering. Instrument-making

12.C5.1. Possibilities of using the residual heat of low-capacity diesels. /K. Mchedlidze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 70-72. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The heat resultant from fuel burning in operating cylinders does not convert into useful work completely. Significant part of this heat is lost as exhaust gases and cooling water, and because of incomplete fuel burning. The heat carried away by exhaust gases and cooling water can be used usefully. The exhaust gases can transfer heat to any heat carrier (water, vapor, air, etc.) via a cogeneration device. The possibility of designing of the cogeneration device on the base of low-capacity diesel A-41 (37.5 KW) is discussed. It is justified that this device will be capable of producing the average heat duty of 12.6 KW, which is sufficient for heating of the area of 800 m². Ref. 5.

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12.C5.2. WANKEL AG rotary-piston engines. /K. Broladze/. Air Transport. 2012. – #1(7). – pp. 20-35. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.

Rotary-piston engine (RPE) was created by the German engineer Felix Wankel more than half century ago. Initially meant for cars, it got most application at airplanes, especially unmanned air vehicle. The German corporation (stock company) Wankel' AG produces an engine RPE- LCR 407 SGti, LCR 814 TGti, TWINPACK, LOCR407 SG, LCR 407 SG/ KR. In spite of fuel and oil increased consumption, the Wankel engine has better specific performances, comparatively to piston engines. The further improvement of performances, such as reliability, engine-life and fuel efficiency needs combined (joint) efforts of several countries’ specialists. Information exchange is also of much importance.

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C7. Food Industry

12.C7.1. On the possibilities of application of barberries and the berries of hawthorn to production of functional foods. /D. Tavdidishvili/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 99-100. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The chemical composition of safety indices of barberries and the berries of hawthorn was studied. Both berries were found to contain significant amounts of cellulose, pectin and biologically active substances. The content of vitamins and mineral substances in those berries and their level of providing the daily norm of intake make barberries and the berries of hawthorn advisable for nutrition, especially for prophylaxis of ascorbic acid and iron deficiency. The technology of production of functional drinks and sauces using the barberries and the berries of hawthorn was developed. Tab. 3, Ref. 3.

Auth.

12.C7.2. Study of consumers attitude to honeybee products and the products containing honey. /D. Tavdidishvili, T. Khutsidze/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 101-103. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Consumers’ opinions on honey and other bee-made products were studied. The monitoring results were analyzed. The advisability of production of confectionery, desserts and drinks containing honey and other bee-made products rich in essential biologically active substances is demonstrated. For this purpose, it is necessary to elaborate scientifically justified technology and recipes, which would extend the assortment of functional-purpose confectionery, desserts and drinks that today is rather limited in Georgia. Fig. 2, Ref. 2.

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12.C7.3. New assortment of functional-purpose short pastry. /E. Pruidze, G. Khetsuriani/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 106-108. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article deals with the elaboration of the technology of production of low-calorie short pastry of a new type. It is shown that this aim can be achieved by reducing the content of readily assimilated carbohydrates and increasing the nutritive value owing to the enrichment with biologically active substances of vegetable origin. For this purpose the powdered Jerusalem artichoke was used as an additive. The elaborated technology involves the replacement of some amounts of flour and sugar with the powdered Jerusalem artichoke. Tab.2, Ref. 4.

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12.C7.4. Extraction of natural flavoring materials after processing eugenol type basil. /N. Baghaturia, N. Begiashvili, L. Kotorashvili, M. Ormotsadze, B. Baghaturia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 331-334. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Technology to receive natural flavoring from the processed eugenol basil was developed at the Scientific–Research Institute of Food Industry of Georgia. The flavoring is used in the production of alcoholic and soft drinks and confectionary industry. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.

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C8. Construction. Architecture

12.C8.1. State regulation of housing construction in Ukraine. /V. Rybachuk/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 25-30. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The ways of further development of residential areas that require improvement of legal regulation of investment and construction activity. Grounded principles of the process of drafting regulations on construction. Ref. 5.

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12.C8.2. Technological solution of seismic resistance increase of large-block residential buildings. /A. Sokhadze, L. Makhviladze, G. Nizharadze, L. Kakhiani/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 27-32. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The problems of increase of seismic resistance of large‐block residential buildings constructed on the territory of Georgia are considered. The use of new technologies in realization of necessary reinforcement of buildings without evacuation of people and sequence of operations are defined. Fig. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.C8.3. Physical corrosion of materials and methods of protection. /A. Chikovani, D. Tevzadze/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 412-416. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the course of operation, construction materials and structures undergo corrosion and destruction. This process is especially dangerous for the load-carrying structures, such as foundations, columns, coverings, and roofs that provide the stability of the entire building. The structures and the whole buildings, in the result, might be destroyed by electrical current; radiation, fire and fluctuation. The article analyses both old and recent anticorrosion methods for the protection of structures. Tab. 1, Ref. 5.

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12.C8.4. Issues of transformation of industrial buildings into public works. /m. Tsikarishvili; g. bokhashvili; m. kiknadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 33-38. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Methods of transforming industrial buildings into public works, are presented and considered in the work. Fig. 8, Ref. 4.

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12.C8.5. Assessment of ecological efficiency of highway engineering innovations (case study for Tbilisi-Senaki-Leselidze highway). /B. Beritashvili, N. Beglarashvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 240-243. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The rehabilitated and planned for rehabilitation sections of Tbuilisi-Senaki-leselidze highway are examined. The emissions of greenhouse gases are calculated for both sections. The reduction of GHG emissions are assessed along with the ecological efficiency of engineering innovations. Fig. 3, Tab. 4, Ref. 8.

Auth.

12.C8.6. Organization of concrete and connected lines work in monolithic constructions. /V. Atanesyan, G. Galstyan, L. Tokmajyan/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 8-12. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The methods of organization of works in monolithic civil and hydrotechnical constructions with templates are demonstrated. Disadvantages of separate methods of work organization and their settlement methods are also indicated. Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.C8.7. Method of limiting loads in the case of axis-symmetric loading. /T. Batsikadze, N. Murghulia, J. Nizharadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 13-16. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The equations for definition value of relation are received, relying on the formulated two scheme of deformations, where – intensity of the distributed loading coming on a stamp; K – the force of shift which has arisen in a billet. In the equations, except the fixed geometrical parameter , as variables enter an indicator of proportions of sliding of cargo on width of a billet and a sliding corner of a cargo. For a preset value such values and are picked up for conditions of an extremum which define minimum value . Fig. 3, Tab. 2, Ref. 5.

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C9. Agriculture and Forestry. Fishery

12.C9.1. Market Mechanisms of the Development of Agricultural Sector. /D. Gubeladze, M. Vadachkoria/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 247-250. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Formation of a market requires the legal protection of owner as a subject, first of all the private owner. Any agricultural enterprises of all forms of organization, any food manufacturer should have a right to participate in any structure and activity, free realization of the products and distribution of income independently. The most important condition of normal functioning of market is its demonopolization. Ref. 4.

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12.C9.2. Globalization and evaluation of tendencies of forestry field development. /T. Kandelaki/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 251-255. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the evaluation of tendencies of forestry field development and the current situation in this field in Georgia. Such significant parameters as wood areas, percentage of this area, wood planting, areas of virgin forests, wood stocks, cost of processed wood etc. were analyzed and estimated. A special attention is paid to the financing of the field, as well as to the significance of forestry policy to be worked out and creation of legal regulations and state programs. Problems and perspectives of employment in this field were also studied. It is especially worth mentioning that Georgia falls behind tendencies of international forestry development significantly almost by all criteria which need approaches to global processes. Ref. 4.

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12.C9.3. Georgian agricultural economy under conditions of market relations. /M. Vadachkoria, D. Gubeladze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 256-259. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Market is regulated in the developed post-industrial countries. State with the economic levers balances it – forcing farmers to produce not only the types of products, which gives the maximum benefit, but also those products having a lower cost-effectiveness but being of vital importance for the population. In order to make these products competitive, they are eligible to certain priviliges, such as rediced taxes, insurances, low-interest loans, etc., so that their production be profitable for the entrepreneur. Ref. 4.

Auth.

12.C9.4. New technologies in agriculture need high farming standards. /V. Kobalia/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 260-262. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

New technology – agrobiotechnology allows solving the basic problem of agriculture: production of ecologically safe products while maintaining soil fertility. The essence, importance and the critical factors of the methods introduced in this direction are analyzed. In order to achieve greater results with agrobiotehnological methods, it is necessary to raise the level of culture of farming – the exact compliance with the established guidelines and rules, for which significantly change of the mentality of the farmer and the formation of the Georgian farmers with new knowledge in agriculture are of vital importance. Ref. 5.

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12.C9.5. Content of melanin and cyanuric acid in food products, toxicity and initial evaluation of risks. /M. Garuchava/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 263-267. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

We have studied the toxic influence of melanin and cyanuric acid on the food products. The main paths of their penetration into the food are shown. The conditions in which melanin can be toxic are established. There is an opinion that melanin does not perform metabolism in human body, it does not produce additional products and there is no danger for a human body. The ways how to render its influence on the human body are shown. Our initial evaluation is a guide, until we receive new data to establish the risk analysis of melanin and cyanuric acid. Ref. 4.

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12.C9.6. Prospects for introduction of highly productive forms of noble laurel. /L. Kopaliani, M. Tabagari/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 268-270. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article presents the results of many years’ observations and researches demonstrating the necessity of introducing highly productive noble laurel forms to increase its yield twice and more. Ref. 3.

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12.C9.7. Strategy of risk management in the agrarian sector. /M. Tsinstadze, T. Lachkepiani, V. Zeikidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 271-274. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Agriculture is known as a specific field mostly based on natural conditions. Hence consideration of risk factor is mostly important. The article deals with the risks in agriculture and measures to avoid them. Ref. 5.

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12.C9.8. Cooperation as one of the forms of economic activities. /M. Tsintsadze, T. Lachkepiani/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 275-279. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Transition of Georgia to a market economy created new industrial units. In agriculture, these are small farms characterized of low effeciency. The article outlines the necessity of establishing highly mechanized large farms as one of the ways of raising the effectiveness of small size farms, which can be achieved through the development of agricultural and consumer cooperatives. Ref. 2.

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12.C9.9. Basic directions of agro-economic development of Ateni Valley /A. Pavliashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 280-282. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper deals with the current conditions of the major fields of agriculture being typical of these micro-regions and the prospects of their intensive production that are highlighted against the background of the historical traditions. Ref. 3.

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12.C9.10. On the expediency of using small mechanization means against American Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm). /Al. Gamakharia, R. Chabukiani, N. Chachkhiani, S. Tavberidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 290-293. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The bio-preparation “Dipel” was used in the hazelnut plantation against Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm) in 2012 for the first time in the sub-tropical zone. It caused harm to the population of the region and generally to the economy. It damaged households of farmers (domestic animals, poultry, etc). The hazelnut harvest was defined in the region (from kg/ha1000 – to 3000 kg/ha) for what the planning theory of experiments was used. Regression equation was gained for yield/harvesting determination. The cost price of the hazelnut was determined which enabled us to build up the matrix about the expediency of using small-scale mechanization against Hyphantria cunea. Ref. 3

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12.C9.11. Influence of planting period on maize yield in the district of Tkibuli. /M. Kubaneishvili, N. Chachkhiani/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 294-297. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the influence of different planting dates on the yield under conditions of Tkibuli (village Kursebi). Variety of Maize, “Ajameti White” was tested in three-fold replications. 5-term planting was used (20.04, 30.04, 10.05, 20.05, 30.05). The experiments showed that according to the productivity, the first place holds the maize sowed on May 20, yielding 26.4 c/ha, compared with the control harvest increase made 6.4 c/ha, or 30%. The second place holds the corn sowed on May 30 on 25.6 c/ha; harvest increased by 5.4 c/ha as compared with a control, or 26%. Based on the experiments, we can conclude that the best period of sowing is May 20-30 under the conditions of Tkibuli region. Ref. 3.

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12.C9.12. The current state of hazelnuts production in Georgia. /V. Dundua, S. Tavberidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 298-301. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the current state of hazelnuts production in Georgia. On the basis of an analysis of biometric and agro-technical indices of hazelnut plantations in Georgia, the expediency if using small-scale mechanization is stressed. The article describes the small-scale mechanization facilities developed and to be used for this purpose in hazelnut plantations of Georgia. Ref. 4.

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12.C9.13. Ways and recommendations to Increase the economic effectiveness of small business in the agrarian sector. /D. Silagadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 302-306. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article covers some ways and recommendations to increase the economic effectiveness of a small business; it also deals with the current processes in the agro business of Imereti region. This is a topic of interest as the Imereti Region provides wonderful industrial conditions and resources for the development of a small business. Effectiveness will be achieved if it is used properly. Our objective was to look through the present situation using a new approach and form some new ways and recommendations to help a small business be more effective economically because the agriculture in Imereti region potentially seems to flourish. The surveys proved that the recent development in business and the private ownership relations positively affected the economic environment. Nowadays the Agricultural Sector of Imereti region needs to be developed at a high rate. That's why it is necessary for the government to open local agro centres and service centres (to increase them in number) which will be well-equipped with necessary materials and devices. Ref. 6.

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12.C9.14. Some aspects of raising competitiveness in the agricultural sector of Georgia. /B. Gechbaia, N. Putkaradze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 307-311. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Agricultural sector is the traditional and essential one for any country’s economy. There are convenient natural-economical conditions for agricultural development in Georgia. In 2006-2009 the decrease of its share in GDP Gross Domestic Product was from 11.2% to 8.3%, and its real produce decreased at 5%. The strategy of economical growth of Georgia should be based on the abilities of the agricultural food-stuff sector in short and long-term periods. According to the comparative preference the country can become competitive in food-stuff producing sphere which may cause the effective usage of national resources, obtain the shares throughout home and international markets and increase the welfare of population. Ref. 8.

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12.C9.15. Phenolic compounds of wines from Georgian autochthonous grapes, Rkatsiteli and Saperavi, prepared by Georgian (Kakhetian) technology. /A. Shalashvili, D. Ugrekhelidze, T. Mitaishvili, I. Targamadze, N. Zambakhidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.99-103. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The qualitative composition and the quantitative content of phenolic compounds of wines from the Georgian autochthonous grapes, white Rkatsiteli and red Saperavi, prepared by Kakhetian technology are studied. According to the obtained data, in white wine Rkatsiteli the content of catechines is the following: (+)-catechine (32.6 mg/l), (-)-epicatechine (58.6 mg/l), (-)-gallocatechine (43.7 mg/l), and in red wine Saperavi: (+)- catechine (115.4 mg/l), (-)-epicatechine (29.5 mg/l), (-)-gallocatechine (174.4 mg/l), respectively. It is shown that a significant difference in the contents of catechines is observed between white and red wines. Red wine Saperavi contains 3.4 times and 4 times more (+)-catechine and (-)-gallocatechine, and 2 times less (-)-epicatechine than the white wine Rkatsiteli. Out of flavonols kaempferol (13.2 mg/l), quercetin (11.2 mg/l) and rutin (2.6 mg/l) were found in red wine Saperavi, while in white wine Rkatsiteli those compounds are absent. The white wine Rkatsiteli does not contain resveratrol, while in red wine Saperavi its amount is equal to 1.47 mg/l. Out of hydroxybenzoic acids the protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were not found in white wine Rkatsiteli, while in red wine Saperavi their amount is equal to 14.5 mg/l and 21.8 mg/l. Of hydroxycinnamic acids, in red wine Saperavi caffeic acid in the amount of 7.4 mg/l, and o-coumaric acid and syringic acid as traces were found. These acids were not found in the white wine Rkatsiteli. Thus, in qualitative composition and quantitative contents of phenolic compounds the red wine Saperavi considerably surpasses the white wine Rkatsiteli. Tab. 1, Ref. 9.

Auth.

12.C9.16. The problems of designing titrimetric measurement systems for the analysis of agricultural products and foods. /T. Dzagania, K. Kakheladze, K. Makhashvili, V. Padiurashvili, S. Kolomikovi, N. Iashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 17-21. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The nation’s healthcare is one the basic responsibilities of the State. To ensure it, a complex of measures should be taken. Ecological monitoring of agricultural products and foods is an essential part of this complex. There are available various programs for controlling the quality of raw materials and food, and there is wide experience of using engineering facilities for this purpose. For instance, in the 70-ies of the XX century, the GEM/FOOD program was realized in Europe. This program was part of measures aimed at providing food safety. Its objective was collection of information, its transmission and storage for creating the relevant European database. Most of today’s food safety control systems are based on the concept of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), which assures food safety control from harvest to consumption. In January 2010 the Law of Food Safety came into force in Georgia. The law stipulates that the foods that are produced in the country, imported into or exported from it should be subjected to continuous quality control. According to the report of the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank, 90% of the companies involved in production, import or export of foods in our country need help (methodical, technical, organizational, etc.) for complying with International Standards. It is obvious that it is impossible to resolve the problems associated with food safety without measuring/controlling the characteristic parameters of foods. For this purpose it is essential not only to have automatic measuring and controlling instruments and devices, but also to rise to a higher level – to create an analytical computer system. It is noteworthy that, when elaborating the concept of automated control systems, the economical efficiency and the ecological safely should be in harmony. Fig. 2, Ref. 7.

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12.C9.17. Ways to improve the structure of agricultural lands on the wetland soils of Kolkheti Lowland. /V. Shurgaia, I. Zaqaidze, L. Kekelishvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp.198-202. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article presents information about the state of agricultural complex on the Kolkheti lowland drained lands. A unilateral specialization in the production of subtropical crops has failed to ensure harmonious development of agricultural. Taking into account the global demand for wheat and the corresponding growth of prices, also in order to provide population with staple food products, it is recommended to change the structure of agricultural lands in the central part of lowland. An increase in lands under wheat and food crops at the expense of perennials requires the use of drainage techniques for one year plants taking into account heavy soils in this part of Kolkheti. The methods to handle the above-mentioned problem are given. Ref. 3.

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12.C9.18. The laboratory research of soil erosion against geo-mat “Nesfile” and “Nesgeo”. /G. Chakhaia, Sh. Bosikashvili, Z. Varazashvili, R. Diakonidze, I. Khubulava, L. Tsulukidze, T. Supatashvili, M. Shavlakadze, F. Lortkipanidze, G. Omsarashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 203-208. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

In order to develop efficient and cost-effective measures against soil erosion, a laboratory study of the 0.5 m²area geo-mat “Nesfile”, on and the 0.5 m²area geo-mat “Nesgeo” were carried out. The study results are discussed. Fig. 8, Ref. 2.

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C10. Water Industry. Melioration

12.C10.1. Irrigation systems management forms and development prospects. /D. Gubeladze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 60-66. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The state of affairs, problems and opportunities of the hydromeliaration sector of Georgia are analyzed. Priorities, main development trends, startegic objectives and activities are proposed. Ref. 6.

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12.C10.2. Problems posed by the changes of river flow and ways of overcoming them. /Ts. Basilashvili, G. Grigolia, S. Gorgijanidze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 22-26. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

There has been ascertained the vegetation period of the Alazani River according to individual months, quarters, maximum and minimal water discharge, extremes, alteration and other statistical qualities. By using their dynamics through years the trends and tendencies of the changes have been identified. The figures are of scientific value and can be used in designing and economic organizations for calculating water resources. Due to the warming trend, water evaporation will increase and the river flow will decrease, which will ultimately lead to the lack of water supply in irrigation period in summer. For the aim of mitigation of negative consequences of drought, a set of measures is recommended so as to slow down turning the territory into a desert, increase agricultural produce and improve economic well-being of the population. Tab. 3, Ref. 5.

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12.C10.3. Markov decision process for the long-term control of hydro station with reservoir. /J. Giorgobiani, M. Nachkebia, G. Giorgobiani/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Centery. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 444-447. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

A problem of the river flow control can be viewed both from the point of the queuing theory and the theory of storage optimal control. The flow of service (river flow) is a random process. The accumulation and consumption should aim to achieve the desired economical effect. The problem is dynamic; the scheduling horizon (one year) is divided into stages. At the different stages the river flow, consumption and accumulated water are discrete quantities and they are measured in the same units. The flows are independent random variables and, on the bases of rich statistical data, empirical distributions (histograms or tables) can be elaborated for them. Stage-wise volume of water in the reservoir is also random and depends on the flow and the consumption as well. As the flows are independent it represents the Markov chain, which is well determined by means of the matrix of transition probabilities. At each stage the intensity of consumption uniquely defines the transition matrix. By means of the matrix mathematical expectations of income and of losses are determined at each stage. The problem is as follows: to choose the sequence of consumptions (loads) with respect to the stages to maximize the summary profit or to minimize the summary losses. Finally, mathematical model is posed in the frames of Markov decision process and can be easily implemented. Tab. 1, Ref. 6.

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12.C10.4. The results of field research implemented in River Duruji bed in order to provide safety of Town Kvareli population in May 2012. /G. Gavardashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 22-31. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

By use of field-expedition scientific researches implemented in the River Duruji basin in 1982-2012 and existing scientific literature the modern ecological condition of the River Duruji was estimated taking into account the intensity of erosion processes and main characteristics of debris flow running in the river Duruji basin. A complex scheme measures against debris flow to protect the town Kvareli population is presented. The methods of fighting the debris flow taking into account of organization-agricultural measurements are estimated. Fig. 6, Tab. 2, Ref. 13.

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12.C10.5. The anthropogenic reasons of flood. /K. Dadiani/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 40-44. – rus.; abs.: eng., geo.

Statistical data related to the frequency of floods and their harmful effects are given. Existing activities, their positive and negative sides are considered. The human activity which contributes to an increase in the number of floods, their intensity and detriment is given. The causes of floods in Georgia and the non-engineering approaches to combat floods are proposed. Ref. 8.

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12.C10.6. On the effective and sustainable operation of drainage maintenance organizations. /M. Vartanov/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 65-71. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The

TTYYWnjsadfjh article describes the basic conditions for effective and sustainable functioning of drainage maintenance organizations. It is concluded that due to imperfections in the system of financing maintenance work a significant number of irrigation systems, including those rehabilitated in recent years, are destroyed, resulting in a substantial loss of irrigation water, reducing the productivity of irrigated farmland. For the purpose of refraction creates a tendency to further improvement and development of water charges. The data describing the annual costs and cost structure of the reclamation work typical of the irrigation system in Georgia are given. Tab. 2, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.7. Estimating the main parameters of debris flow running lengthways of mountain river bed. /V. Tevzadze, Z. Charbadze, N. Nibladze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 72-78. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

A method of plotting a free surface curve for hyper-concentrated debris flow at the constantly discharge lengthways of natural non-prismatic river beds is offered. Tab. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.C10.8. The dynamics of water quality in the reservoir and the surrounding geo-ecological areas located in the arid zone of Eastern Georgia. /T. Tevzadze, I. Iordanishvili, D. Potshveriya/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 84-93. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The paper deals with the quality and dynamics of salinity feed accumulated in the zone and filtrate reservoirs in arid zone of eastern Georgia with operational conditions. Tab. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.9. Analysis of river beds processes of Shirvan river valleys. /F. Imanov, A. Nuriev/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 94-99. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article describes the shape of river valleys and morphological elements along the major Shirvan rivers according to literature data and presents the results of field researches. The lateral sections river valleys are built by morphometric measures. Fig. 2, Tab. 2, Ref. 3.

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12.C10.10. Technology of construction of water supply and sewerage systems from monolithic reinforced concrete. /I. Iremasvili, Z. Ezugbaia, G. Iosebasvili, N. Mskhiladze, L. Chaladze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 108-115. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Construction of water supply and sewerage systems and facilities is a serious issue in modern construction business for our country in order to resolve the problems related to that important issue in our country. The paper reviews the technology of constructing facilities of various type, purpose and capacity with monolithic iron concrete. All those main processes which are related to the construction of such facilities are discussed. Fig. 6, Ref. 2.

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12.C10.11. Forecasting water quality and eutrophication processes in Khudoni water reservoir. /D. Kereselidze, V. Trapaidze, G. Bregvadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 131-136. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Forecasting hydro-chemical regime of Khudoni water reservoir is important for its efficient functioning. Changes in the hydro-chemical regime of the water reservoir depend on many different factors, such as temperature, sources of feeding, physical and geographical peculiarities of the basin, its economic use, etc. We used a segment-stratification method to forecast the water quality in Khudoni water reservoir. This model is based on a simple geometric representation of a system. The whole volume of the water reservoir is divided into segments, which on their turn are divided into horizontal strata. The water-dissolved oxygen, biochemical consumption of oxygen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate, as well as principal ions and quantitative properties of mineralization of each stratum are calculated by using the relevant mathematical model. The calculation gained by the above-mentioned method gives a maximally efficient picture of forecasting as close to the real picture as possible. Fig. 1, Tab. 7, Ref. 5.

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12.C10.12. The plastic energy dissipation and the absorption factor under cyclic loading-unloading of hydraulic concrete. /D. Klekchyan/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 137-140. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Equations of the analytical function of deformation (connection stress-strain) under external impact of cyclic force according to the loading-unloading program of the elastic-plastic environment are obtained. At each cycle of loading-unloading, a loop hysteresis is obtained, the area of which expresses the amount of permanently consumed (dissipation) plastic energy. It is proved that the value of the dissipation energy in repeated cycles is monotonely decreasing, which means the growth of elastic properties of pack environment, and the decline of plastic nature. Presents analytical functions unloading and loading the deformation curves, which gives the possibility to determine the area of hysteresis ellipses, which expresses the number of plastic energy at each cycle. Having equations of loading and unloading curves are determined by the values of the coefficients of acquisitions for each full cycle upload-load. For each cycle of the absorption coefficient is the ratio of sales dissipation energy to the sunk cost of total energy consumption. It is proved that depends on the number of cycles: i.e., decreases with increasing – as this process more and more linearized. The greater the degree of non-linearity up the process, the more is linearization curves of deformation with the increase in cycles of loading and unloading. This is explained by the fact that the more internal friction, the more active the dissipation of the non-linear component of the energy and the growth of the relations of elastic component to the plastic. Fig. 3, Tab. 1, Ref. 2.

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12.C10.13. The establishment of operational characteristics of close collectors. /Sh. Kupreishvili, P. Sichinava, L. Maisaia, M. Kikabidze, Z. Lobzhanidze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 141-144. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The article proposes the principle of close collectors’ work, the optimal depth of their trenching; in analyzing the operation of close collectors in heavy soils, according to a calculation scheme of water movement in two-layer environment in the theory of filtration, it has been established that close collectors should ensure water gravitational water withdrawal both from arable and sub-under arable layers, on the basis of which the calculation formulas of average intensity of release from the gravitational water of the arable layer and of the water entry from the sub-arable layer are given. Fig. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.14. Non-uniform motion of hyperconcentrated debris flow in non-prismatic river beds. /O. Natishvili, V. Tevzadze, Z. Charbadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 159-161. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The formation curve of free surface of hyperconcentrated debris flow at their motion in natural non-prismatic river beds at the constant discharge of stream is offered. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.15. Theoretical research of a trenching machine preventing erosion on slopes. /V. Samkharadze, T. Janelidze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 162-165. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The theoretical issues of siding and wheeling of a wheeled trenching machine are considered; the principles of cutting and ramming of a new trenching machine are presented; the sliding factors and a formula for determining the optimal parameters are given. Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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12.C10.16. Sediment catcher in water intakes. /V. Tokmajyan, V. Atanesyan/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 180-184. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Instead of currently existing devices, a system of offsets to capture sediments using a grid container is proposed. The operation of actuator-equipped containers is described. The device has been patented. Following experimental testing, it is to be introduced. Fig. 3, Ref. 6.

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12.C10.17. The influence of economic conditions on irrigation systems. /E. Pashayev/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 185-187. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Based on an analysis of the zoning of irrigated areas, the water management and design methods are discussed. Ref. 3.

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12.C10.18. Investigation of sustainable and safe operation conditions of waterworks using entropy. /L. Purtseladze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 188-193. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The definition of a system’s entropy and its properties, which justify its choice as a characteristic of the uncertainly degree are considered. The entropy and information of sustainable and safe continuous set systems of waterworks are given. It has been approved that entropy of systems having a finite number of waterworks reaches its maximum when all conditions are equally probabilistic. Entropy is presented as average of distribution. Entropy for an intricate system obtained by incorporation of two or more simple systems is defined. The example is considered. Tab. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.19. The results of hydraulic expertise calculating of protection scour work on the rivers Tskhratskaro and Kumiska in case of emergency on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. /G. Kirmelashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 213-220. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The hydraulic calculations of whirlpools being produced upon emergencies at the gates of secondary limiting facilities – oil protective system on the Rivers Tskratskaro and Kumiska accidents on Baku–Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline are considered. Fig. 4, Tab. 4, Ref. 7.

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12.C10.20. Features of soil seepage. /I. Kruashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Inashvili, K. Bziava, G. Natroshvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 226-230. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

In portholes passing under natural geotechnical conditions, theoretical models of definition of seepage indicators are applied in the isotope water-permeable environment that limits their application area. Since the seepage factor is a permanent and active component in formation of the water balance of local agricultural (agro) systems, it serves as a basis for determining the irrigation rate. Based on the seepage features, the questions connected with the movement of water in porous systems of soil represent a function of many interoperating factors. Hence, on the basis of the offered model, the calculation dependences of seepage velocity, seepage factor, water conductivity and porosity for real soils are obtained. Fig. 1, Ref. 5.

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12.C10.21. Study of the problems connected with anomalies of water seepage in soils. /I. Kruashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Inashvili, K. Bziava, G. Natroshvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 231-236. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

In soils, presented by the dispersed-hydraulic porous system, the migrated water gets specific qualities; therefore, definition of characteristics of water seepage in soils becomes complicated. Soils, which represent the multi-component environment, consist of different micro- and macro-particles and the water migrating in these particles gets different qualities. Based on the above, on the basis of the proposed model the range of change and optimum values of the active and passive porosity have been defined. Taking into consideration water seepage, dependences of seepage velocity, initial gradient and irrigation mode are received. Fig. 3, Ref. 4.

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12.C10.22. Pollutant additives’ non-stationery transfer processes in water systems. /E. Khatiashvili, L. Gogeliani, N. Kavtuashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 237-240. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The process of non-stationery movement of non-stationery and stationery pollutant additives in small depth water systems, where the main motion flows are laminar and plane-parallel is considered. In addition, a change of turbulent diffusion coefficient is conditioned by a small-amplitude wave motion on the surface of reservoir. Ref. 4.

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C11. Foreign and Domestic Trade. Tourism

12.C11.1. Economic relations in the field of tourism. /M. Metreveli/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp.48-57. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The role of tourist resource, tourist product in the tourism industry development is considered. The modern economic indicators of the international world tourism and a sequence of popular tourism centers based on them are presented. Also shown is the 10-year (2020-2030) forecast of the experts of the World International Tourism Organization concerning the leading tourist receiving regions. The importance of innovations in the development of the world tourism industry is discussed. Tab. 4, Fig. 4, Ref. 9.

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12.C11.2. Tourist potential of Kakheti region. /V. Gogava/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N4. – pp. 58-67. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The tourist potential of Kakheti region: historical and cultural monuments, national parks, preserves and their current state are considered. Also mentioned is the role of the available tourist resources in creation of tourist products, the realization of which would contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic and cultural position of Kakheti region. Ref. 6.

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12.C11.3. Trends of development of health tourism in Georgia. /G. Keshelashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 74- 77. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The work considers the essence and significance of health tourism. It provides an analysis of the trends of development of health tourism in Georgia and in other countries. Besides, it shows the significance of coordinated work of state structures, investors and tour operators in terms of rapid development of health tourism. The work describes the role of cooperation of Georgian and international organizations in development of tourism in Georgia. Ref. 4.

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12.C11.4. Tourism and the problems connected with the hotel marketing. /T.Bachiashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 78- 80. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article discusses tourism and the problems connected with the hotel marketing, analyzes the necessity of developing the marketing strategy for hotels management and the problems related to the service quality management. Ref. 1.

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12.C11.5. Tourism and the state policy. /T. Bachiashvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp. 81- 83. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article discusses tourism and the state policy, analyzes interrelationship of the country development policy and the tourism development policy and their interdependence. Ref. 2.

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12.C11.6. Improvement of Georgia’s foreign trade relations under conditions of globalization. /R Javakhishvili/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.8-12. – geo.; abs.: eng.

After independence of Georgia, as a result of the measures taken in the field of trade liberalization, country has significantly expanded its foreign trade relations and joined the World Trade Organization. Under conditions of foreign trade turnover growth, the country’s import increases more rapidly, exceeding now by 3 times and more the export value. Systematic growth of the negative trade balance is directly linked to the country’s external debt increase. The government should take active and effective measures to increase the production quality, its environmental safety and competitiveness which will create the proper conditions for the successful diversification of Georgian products on the world markets. Ref. 6.

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12.C11.7. Functioning of state control authorities in the external economic processes management system. /A. Mashkov/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 13-18. – eng.; abs.: eng.

Problems of organization and implementation of the state financial control of the external economic activities to enhance its effectiveness are investigated. The role of state control in improving fiscal relationships between the state and subjects of external economic activity is defined. Ref. 5.

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12.C11.8. Basic tendencies of foreign trade development of Georgia in the epoch of globalization. /D. Jangulashvili, R. Javakhishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 37-42. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Recently the following basic tendencies have been observed in the development of foreign trade of Georgia: Intensive expansion of foreign trade and steady rise of the turnover of goods. In the total turnover the import seems to increase in comparison with the export, due to which the index of negative trade balance is increasing annually. The export of the country is mostly carried out through the expenses of raw and frozen products, as for the import the energy resources, agricultural and its industrial processing products prevail in the market. Replace of it will be easy at the expense of expansion of local industry. To overcome the negative tendencies in country’s foreign trade it is necessary to carry out the incentive activities of export at the expense of forming and pursuing a replacement policy of import. Ref. 6.

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12.C11.9. Quality of tourism products. /G. Nadirashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 84-88. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The quality of tourism products is crucial for the development of tourism industry in the world. The quality of services is considered as a major indicator of tourism industry. Inevitability of quality measurement of tourism product is rapidly increased in competitive environment of the world. The article explores the role of quality and certification of tourism products as necessary condition of Georgia’s integration into the world tourism space. Ref. 4.

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12.C11.10. Foreign exchange market and currency intervention. /V. Khutsishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 49-53. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The main purpose of the article is to determine regularities of foreign exchange market and currency intervention in conditions of modern market economy. On the basis of studying and generalizing the scientific achievements in this field, the article deals with making specific suggestions, recommendations and using them in the development of exchange market in Georgia. The following issues are analyzed and discussed in the article: main point, place and part of foreign exchange market in the development of market economy; inevitability of government participation in providing proper operation of exchange market; functioning mechanisms of currency intervention and monetary market and peculiarities of their development in foreign countries. Ref. 8.

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12.C11.11. Peculiarities of the tourism infrastructure development. /M. Vadachkoria/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 67-71. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper proves the importance and priority of tourism infrastructure development in Georgia, including such problems as tourist guides and tour operators, modern tourism facilities, their management system and structure, the tourist industry, classification and management of hotels, etc. Ref. 5.

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12.C11.12. Forecast of medical equipment imports to Georgia for the near future. /I. Gotsiridze, A. Fickhelauri/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 56-58. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

A considerable number of new medical equipment of various types currently used in Georgia makes it expedient to work out a national catalogue and codification systems. The forecast of 2012-2014 import of medical equipment is of great importance as well. It has revealed that the bulk of the need comes on both medical tools and equipment for intensive therapy, surgery, maternity homes, labs and diagnostics. Demand on dental equipment has decreased. Fig. 1, Ref. 6.

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C12. Transport

12.C12.1. Peculiarities of the choice of the motor road running repair technology. /M. Baratashvili/. GEN. – 2012. – N4. – pp. 73-75. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The causes of damages of asphalt-concrete roads, the character of resulting defects, how the type and degree of the damage depend on the type and intensity of the factors causing the damage and other issues are discussed. Basic methods of restoration of the asphalt-concrete pavement are analyzed, and their advantages and drawbacks are considered. The innovative technologies of restoration of the asphalt-concrete pavement are described, and the possibilities for reducing the repair time are considered. Fig. 4, Ref. 3.

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12.C12.2. Transportation and traffic safety. /R. Velijanashvili, G. Tedoradze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 196-203. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

According to current researches, one of the important factors for improvement of motor cars efficiency during cargo transportation in Georgia is the provision of adaptation of motor vehicles’ traction and speed properties to driving conditions. One of the efficient methods for achieving this task is the selection of motor engine power according to the driving conditions to stipulate high values of average speed of movement and profitability with minimal expenses of fuel and other material supplies. It is established that characteristic integral parameter of assessment of motor vehicles’ traction and speed properties and of their adaptation to operation conditions in real driving conditions in transportation flows is the power-to-weight ratio of motor vehicles. It characterizes the level of motor vehicle supply with energy. Cars with low power-to-weight ratio are moving with low speed at the raising roads on the low steps of transmission under high load conditions (modes), and due to this fact the fuel consumption on the road increases; at the same time transportation flows traffic is hampered and traffic safety is lowered. In case of use of motor cars with high power-to-weight ratio all mentioned parameters improve. Proceeding from abovementioned under given road conditions those value of power-to-weight ratio should be considered as the rational value of motor vehicles’ power-to-weight ratio, which will ensure the complete implementation of motor vehicles’ operational properties and at the same time will provide maximum specific performance of cargo transportation with minimal material expenses. According to mentioned above, from the viewpoint of cargo transportation efficiency in Georgia and by taking into account the peculiarities of operating conditions in Georgia the elaboration of methods for determination of rational power-to-weight ratio of freight transport and of creation of corresponding motor vehicles fleet is at present the topical scientific problem. Ref. 7.

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12.C12.3. Problems of integration of the motor transport system of Georgia in the global and economic structures. /I. Goderdzishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 230-233. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the world economic crisis and globalization at the modern stage, the positive and negative sides of the globalization and its character against the background of the world economic crisis. Also it considers the problems the tacklong of which would make the sector more attractive and competitive. Ref. 9.

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12.C12.4. Traditional cargo flows and new railway. /B. Putkaradze, R. Keldishvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 238-240. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

According to some scientists, the putting into operation of the Marabda-Kartsakhi railway will decrease the volume of cargo flow in the traditional east-to-west direction of Georgia to be followed by a reduction in the volume of cargo in the ports of Georgia. The article disproves such a view and provides examples justifying the existence of said railway.

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12.C12.5. Globalization of Tbilisi public transport and causes of passenger transportation crisis. /B. Soselia, M. Zubiashvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 241-244. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Road transport is a leading means of passenger transportation. If the transport activity in the basic economy is properly managed, the municipal transport will work effectively. The causes of the crises and the ways to overcome it are demonstrated. Ref. 3.

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12.C12.6. Ways of minimizing the impact of tunnel fire for evacuation. /O. Lanchava, I. Gventsadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp.75-77. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

By means of computer simulation, using CFD-models, the nature of the spread of fire and products of combustion, depending on the profile and of the longitudinal gradient of the tunnel, the type of ventilation system, the effect of the thermal effect of gravity and other important parameters have been studied. The ways of minimizing the impact of possible fires in tunnels are discussed. Fig. 3, Ref. 3.

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12.C12.7. Determining the optimal radius of the section of a composite aircraft fuselage given oscillations and material creep. /A. Dumbadze, Yu. Kanchaveli/. Air Transport. 2012. – #1(7). – pp. 6-19. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.

The optimal values of the outer radius of the most loaded cross-section of the fuselage of carbon CMU-1 for a given reinforcement creep, random, and other factors causing variations have been obtained. The article details the obtained findings and their importance for solving the related problems. Ref. 5.

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12.C12.8. Growth of competitiveness of the international transport corridor TRACECA. /N. Dumbadze, A. Noniadze, I. Valyev/. Air Transport. 2012. – #1(7). – pp. 58-67. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.

Within the framework of the TRACECA project, Georgia fruitfully collaborates with Eastern neighbors. The development of relationships with other countries of the region, first of all with the countries of the European Union was set as the main objective for Georgia as one of the important transit countries, along with countries of EU and Asia.

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C13. Medicine. Healthcare

12.C13.1. Primary dysmenorreah-leading problem of adolescent gynecology (review). /T. Gagua, B. Tkeshelashvili, D. Gagua/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 7-14. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Adolescent gynecology is a rapidly developing area. Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints among women of young reproductive age. About 25-95% of young women suffers with dysmenorrhoea and is associated with significant psychological, physical, behavioral and social distress. This review summarizes epidemiology, strategies of establishing the diagnosis, discussion of pathophysiology of the disease and risk factors. We performed a comprehensive search through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, MD consult and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria specified review and research articles reporting primary dysmenorreah in adolescents. The search resulted in 214 articles. We point out a variety of noninvasive nutritional and psychological therapeutic interventions that have been suggested to relieve dysmenorrheal. This review of Primary Dysmenorreah identifies gaps in the literature, some contradictions and highlights the need for further study.

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12.C13.2. Distribution of erythrocyte phenotypic groups in women with benign tumors of the uterus in adjara oncology centre. /I. Nakashidze, A. Diasamidze, N. Kotrikadze, M. Nagervadze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 15-18. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

ABO blood groups antigens have biological and clinical significance. The ABO blood groups antigens has been associated with many diseases, though the explanation between ABO blood groups and disease is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of a possible association between benign tumors of the utesus with blood ABO, RhD, Kell and MN groups in women in reproductive periods. In diseased population (60 subject) was investigated for Erythrocyte phenotypic groups antigens. Immunoserological methods have been used to identify the antigens. The obtained results were statistically processed. High frequencies of A (43,3±3,2%), D(91,6±3,5%) and Kell (+) (26.66±5.7%) antigens were found in diseased of benign tumors of uterus comparison with donor. The researches shows, that is increased risk of disease development in carriers of these phenotypes. In summary, according our research we’ve thought, that blood groups may be a marker for bening tomors of the uterus. Based on these data, these could be used as prognostic factor for bening tomors of the uterus. The study of Erythrocyte group antigens in diseased we may to identify“ high risk” individuals, that help to find ways, which help to control of disease.

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12.C13.3. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients (case reports). /M. Khaburzania, M. Beridze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 18-21. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is relatively rare, but recognized condition observed in non-epileptic comatose patients. In coma state NCSE may be precipitated by stroke, severe electrolyte disturbance, acute intoxication, infection, traumatic brain injury and etc. All these critical disorders can cause coma themselves and without clinical EEG investigation it is impossible to attribute impaired consciousness to NCSE, while the condition can be responsive to anticonvulsant medication. The proper and rapid diagnosis of NCSE is challenging, because it can severely impact the patient and often is a treatable and completely reversible state. Case reports describe the state of three comatose patients affected by severe neurological disorders, who were diagnosed as NCSE after EEG investigation. Nor of these patients were noted to have the epileptic seizures and convulsions. The patients were treated with different anticonvulsive medications (Finlepsin, Levetiracetam, Depakin) and fully recovered from coma state. Frequently, physicians could not suspect presence of NCSE in patients with impaired consciousness because of sufficiently complicated underlying illness. Apparently, clinical EEG investigation is useful to be performed in all comatose patients.

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12.C13.4. Alpha-dephenzine concentration in peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. /B. Bzhalava, Sh. Petriashvili, Z. Ghurtskaia, D. Zurabashvili, N. Chikadze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 22-25. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Over the past few decades the search for predisposed biological markers has become the course of most priority in scientific psychiatry. Research goal was to reveal the association of alpha-dephenzine concentration in peripheral blood with the disease existence and its progressing in patients with schizophrenia. In-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia have been investigated (av. age – 45.33±1.86), among them 26 males (av. age – 39.41±1.86) and 13 females (av. age – 45.04±2.44). 27 patients with acute form of schizophrenia (av.age – 44.88±2.42), 12 patients with a chronic form (av. age – 46.33±2.75). 15 healthy volunteers have been investigated as well, 5 males and 10 females among them. The study of alpha-dephenzine concentration by the immunoenzyme method has been implied in the investigation. Research studies revealed statistically valid increased concentration of alpha-dephenzine in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia comparing with healthy volunteers. The difference was so evident that qualitative difference would rather be considered than quantitative one. Relying on the results of studies we can estimate alpha-dephenzines as possible biomarkers of schizophrenia.

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12.C13.5. Distribution and impact of erythrocyte Lewis system antigens on patients with ischemic heart diseases in western Georgia. /N. Abesadze, M. Betaneli, T. Bukia, M. Kharabadze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 26-30. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the research is to reveal the cases of Lewis System Antigens Phenotype in West Georgia and setting the connection between antigens expressiveness and IHD. Therefore, we have phenotypically tested 393 people (236 healthy donors; average age 42±7,5 and 157 patients ill with ischemic heart diseases; average age 62,5±7,5). In accordance with the findings, the number of Lewis -antigens among healthy population is 46,6% (110 ±4,8; p<0.05) with Le^a-b+ phenotype; 30,9% – with Le^a-b- phenotype(73±2,9; p<0.03); 19% – with Le^a+b-phenotype-(47±1,7; p<0.03) Only 2,6% cases of phenotype Le^a+b+ (6±0,2; p<0.02),were revealed among healthy population. As for the patients with ischemic heart diseases we got the following results: 41% cases of Le^a-b- phenotype (65±3,9; p<0.05); 32,8% – Le^a-b+(51±3,2; p<0.03); 21,1% – Le^{a+b- –}phenotype 33±2,9; p<0.03) and 5,6% – Le^a+b+ phenotype (8±1,2; p<0.02). On the whole, in the West Georgia the most frequent phenotype is Le^a-b+among healthy population and Le^a-b- phenotype among people with ischemic heart diseases. Research was carried out in a control group according to Lewis antigen phenotype. People were separated in two groups; I group -healthy people with Le^a-b-phenotype and II group – healthy people with Le^a-b+and Le^a+b- phenotypes. On the basis of the research we concluded that people in the first group (with Le^a-b-phenotype) had a high BMI, arterial hypertension and lower indexes of high density lipoprotein and triglyceride than the people in the second group(with Le^a-b+and Le^a+b- phenotypes. These kinds of changes (characterised to the people with Le^a-b-phenotype) are associated with a high risk of ischemic diseases and atherosclerosis. To sum up, people with Le^a-b-phenotype have a high risk of ischemic heart disease. In accordance with the findings, Lewis phenotype research can be carried out to detect HID and other diseases as well (hypertension, ischemic insult and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus).

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12.C13.6. The role of interleukin-10 in patients with HCV infection. /I. Mikadze, E. Vashakidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 30-33. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of investigation was to study cytokine-producing ability of blood immune cells in type of viral hepatitis C, correlation with the degree of hepatic lesion and liver cirrhosis. 130 patients were investigated: 72 with cirrhosis: among them 10 – with stage A, 14 – with stage B and 48 – with stage C. The study demonstrates significant changes of cytokine-producing ability of blood immune cells type of viral hepatitis C, correlation with the degree of hepatic lesion and liver cirrhosis. The results showed that various types of chronic viral hepatitis C and stages of cirrhosis were associated with misbalance in production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, i.e. a significant rise of interleukin-10 concentration, which were the most prominent in cases of severe hepatic lesion.

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12.C13.7. Study of the structure of the diseases among hospitalized pediatric patients from different geographical regions of Armenia. /K. Simonyan/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 34-38. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the research was to reveal the structure of disease among hospitalized (2003-2009) pediatric patients. The author found that in different years it underwent certain changes but respiratory diseases, innate defects and perinatal problems constantly prevailed. The study showed that in all geographical areas respiratory diseases, congenital abnormalities (development abnormalities), defects and chromosomal abnormalities and certain states arising in the perinatal period always prevail. The study showed that the situation in all geographical areas of Armenia is the same, which means that the challenges facing the pediatric service in all geographical areas are almost the same in content and form.

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12.C13.8. The structure of somatic pathology according to sex in hospitalized pediatric patients in Armenia. /K. Simonyan/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 38-42. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the investigation was to analyze somatic pathology according to sex in hospitalized pediatric patients in Armenia in 2003-2009. The study showed prevalence of respiratory diseases, congenital abnormalities, defects and chromosomal abnormalities and certain states arising in the perinatal period. The structure of diseases according to sex showed boys and girls itself is somewhat different, which may suggest diversity of the undertaken activities, especially in developing tactics and strategies for prevention and treatment of such patients.

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12.C13.9. Cholinergic stimulation of adrenal medulla is essential for the granulicytopoietic response to lithium. /M. Gedevanishvili, N. Mushkiashvili, N. Gogitidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 43-46. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Granulocytopoietic response to lithium carbonate (Li+) in rat was eliminated completely by N-cholinergic blocking agent, and independently by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonist. A link between these two contradictory events is explained by release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic preganglionic nerve endings in adrenal medulla triggered by Li+, and subsequent discharge of catecholamines (CA) from medullar chromaffin cells, which on their part activate adrenergic receptors of alpha-1 class on hematopoietic progenitor cells. Respectively, granulocytopoietic response to Li+ is blocked by cholinergic N-blocking agent at the level of adrenal medulla, and by the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent at the level of the hematopoietic cells proper. The stimulatory action of Li+ on granulocytopoietic cells is indirect, while is mediated by CA release from adrenal chromaffine cells. At the initial stages of leukocyte restitution in the acute myelotoxic leucopenia relative increase in “large” lymphocyte fraction (Lge) preceding the increment in granulocyte counts is evident. In this fraction of lymphocytes peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) are expected.

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12.C13.10. Application of bacterial thermo- and phagelysates for suppression of malignant tumor growth in experimental studies: 2 comparative analysis of anticancer efficacy of thermo- and phagelysates of Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli. /K. Gambashidze, K. Kalandarishvili, P. Khorava, T. Azaladze, B. Lasareishvili, F. Jaiani, M. Tediashvili/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 50-56. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the presented work antitumor effects of thermo- and phagelysates of Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli on Ehrlich carcinoma growth in mice have been studied. The treatment efficacy was evaluated according to the dynamic changes in volume of cancer tissue, cancer growth inhibition percent and calculations using Semi-empirical mathematical model describing cancer volume variations in relation to time passed after carcinoma inoculation. It was shown that at the early stage of cancer growth all tested bacterial preparations significantly inhibit cancer growth. Antitumor treatment effects were better expressed in animal studies using bacterial pagelysates in comparison to that of thermolysates. Comparative analysis of anticancer treatment efficacy of Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli phagelysates have shown that E. coli phagelysates reveal stronger and more prolonged anticancer treatment properties than phagelysates of Ps. aeruginosa.

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12.C13.11. Rheologic properties of some pharmaceutical excipients in drug forms and cosmetic preparation technology. /G. Tsagareishvili, A. Bashura, M. Alekseeva, G. Bashura/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 57-62. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The establishment of mechanisms and principles of the formation of deformation (fracture) of spatial structure of bentonite solutions and various solutions and disperse systems is one or the most important problems of modern pharmaceutical technology. The article presents the results of a long-term research of influence of high-molecular compounds and surfactants on the properties of designed dosage drug forms and cosmetic preparation. Research data, as the basis for drug combinations "gel" with dekamitoksin, extract Aesculus hippocastanum L and probiotics.

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12.C13.12. Morphological changes of the intestine in experimental acute intestinal infection in the treatment of colloidal silver. /E. Polovyan, M. Chemych, R. Moskalenko, A. Romanyuk/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N6(207). – pp. 63-67. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

At the present stage of infectionist practice in the treatment of acute intestinal infections caused by opportunistic microorganisms, colloidal silver is used with a particle size of 25 nm as an alternative to conventional causal therapy. In 32 rats, distributed in 4 groups of 8 animals each (intact; healthy, got colloidal silver; with a modeled acute intestinal infection in the basic treatment and with the addition of colloidal silver), histological examination was performed of small and large intestine of rats. Oral administration of colloidal silver at a dose of 0.02 mg/day to intact rats did not lead to changes in morphometric parameters compared to the norm, and during early convalescence in rats with acute intestinal infections were observed destructive and compensatory changes in the intestine, which depended on the treatment regimen. With the introduction of colloidal silver decreased activity of the inflammatory process and the severity of morphological changes in tissues of small and large intestine, indicating that the positive effect of study drug compared with baseline therapy.

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12.C13.13. Cancer screening program in Georgia (results of 2011). /R. Ghvamichava, N. Lomtadze, T. Alibegashvili, T. Charkviani, T. Beruchashvili, L. Jugeli/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 7-15. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

This paper reviews and summarizes the results and epidemiological data of 2011 Cancer Screening Program in Georgia. The first paragraph of paper underlines main results of capacity building of the program and its implementation. The second paragraph is focused on activities conducted within the program on population behaviour change and communication campaign and the final paragraph analyses the data of epidemiological results collected during year 2011 of breast, cervical, prostate and colorectal cancer screening, reviews and summarizes. Implementation of cancer screening programs is of great medical and social importance. Cancer screening, using simple tests that can cover the general population, and also promotes the early diagnosis of cancer and its treatment in a timely manner, increasing life expectancy and reduce mortality.

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12.C13.14. Peculiarities of metabolic syndrome and nonalcogolic fatty li-ver disease in menopausal women. /N. Antelava, A. Antelava, M. Ghonghadze, M. Okujava, K. Pachkoria, M. Gogolauri/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 16-23. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Correlation between menopause metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reviewed. NAFLD refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis), to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, to cirrhosis. The causes and pathogenetic factors of the disease are still under investigation. The risk of development of NAFLD during menopause is twice higher in comparison with fertile age and abdominal obesity and insulin resistance is more apparent. This feature is associated with deficit of estrogens during menopause, as risk of development of NAFLD is diminished with substitutive hormonotherapy. The obesity, particularly in the period of menopause, is discussed as additive, independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome and of diseases of hepatobiliare and cardiovascular systems.

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12.C13.15. Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty disease of liver. /N. Antelava, M. Ghonghadze, M. Okujava, K. Pachkoria, M. Gogolauri/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 24-30. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The experimental and clinical data concerning of treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are summarized and analyzed in the review. Some aspects of pathogenetic pharmacotherapy of NAFLD have been discussed (correction of insulin resistance, obesity, dislipidemia, oxidative stress, hepatoprotectors, restoration of intestine microbiosis, replacement hormonal, syndrome and antihypertensive drugs). Medical and non–medical methods of treatment are compared. It is concluded that further study to improve methods of prevention and treatment of NAFLD are required.

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12.C13.16. Peculiarities of cardiovascular disease in women. /N. Zhvania, L. Ratiani, Sh. Avaliani/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 30-37. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

In a review article peculiarities of cardiovascular disease among women are considered. The analysis of published data showed that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common in women. Gender-specific risk factors include oral contraceptives and menopause. Clinical manifestations, major causes of various forms of cardiovascular disease in women are revealed. It was found that women most often than men have coronary micro vascular disease – X Syndrome, which affects the tiny coronary arteries. Coronary micro-vascular dysfunction is prevalent in women with chest pain. There is a greater prevalence of no coronary causes of chest pain in the female population, and chest pain is frequently accompanied by abdominal pain, dyspnea, nausea, fatigue, and greater functional disability. Women tend to suffer from more single vessel and two-vessel disease as opposed to the three-vessel disease seen more often in men. It is concluded that specific research is required to identify risk factors of cardiovascular disease in women in Georgia.

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12.C13.17. The role of neuroendocrine mediators in regulatory activity of T-cells. /A. Gokhelashvili, G. Lomsadze, M. Yenukidze, M. Machavariani, N. Gogebashvili, T. Sanikidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 41-46. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the study was to establish the role of some neuroendocrine mediators (agonists and antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors, progesterone) in regulating T-cells activity. Studies conducted on the culture of leukemiatransformed T-cells (Jurkat cells) (DSMZ-Deutshe Sammulung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (Germany)). Jurkat Cells (4x10⁵ cells/ml) stimulated with 50 µg/ml fitogemaglutinin A (PHA) at 37⁰С for 5 minutes and then incubated for 24 hours alone, or together with β- adrenergic receptors agonist izopretonolom (at dose of 10^-5 M, 10^-6 M), an antagonist, propranolol (dose of 10^-5 M, 10^-6 M) and progesterone (dose 0,07 µl, 0,7 µl) added to the incubation medium. The viability of Jurkat cells was determined by MTT test. It was shown that β-adrenoretseptors agonist, izoprotenol didn’t affect the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in intact and contributed to their low activation (12%) in the mitogen-activated Jurkat cells. β-adrenergic receptors antagonist, propranolol, promotes a significant reduction in activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, and hence the viability of both intact (40-60%) and mitogenstimulated Jurkat cells (20-40%). Viability of intact Jurkat cells didn’t change, and dose-dependently increased in PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells during progesterone exposure. It was concluded that viability of the T-cells and hence their functional activity is largely sensitive to the influence of the β-adrenoceptor antagonists and progesterone. These data should be considered in the clinical application of appropriate drugs.

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12.C13.18. Some aspects of pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women. /G. Parkosadze, M. Sulakvelidze, M. Mizandari, L. Ratiani, T. Sanikidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 46-51. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

In view of the reversibility of steatosis and steatohepatitis, their early diagnosis is one of the most significant problems of modern medicine. The aim of the study was the establishment futures of the pathogenesis of NAFLD in postmenopausal women. The study was conducted on postmenopausal women (n=5), with metabolic syndrome and rate of ALT in the blood at least 4 times greater than its normal maximal value. Patients had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: at least 12 month of amenorrhea. Verification of the diagnosis of NAFLD was based on abdominal ultrosonografic examination. In addition to collecting history, study of blood lipid profile and ALT, AST, estrogen content in patients enrolled in the study free nitric oxide content in the blood and liver bioptants was determined by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) method. The study protocol approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tbilisi State Medical University. Patients by written form confirmed their agreement to participate in the study. In patients with NAFLD levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were generally increased in the blood serum, direct correlation revealed between level of NO EPR signal intensity in liver bioptat and triglycerides content in blood (r=0,96; p=0,009). It was concluded that estrogen-dependent factors, such as impaired lipid metabolism and increase expression of iNOS induce accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids in the liver, generation excess amounts of NO, which in oxidative stress reveal their cytotoxity and promote progression of NAFLD in postmenopausal women.

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12.C13.19. Inflammatory markers of gallstones disease in menopausal women. /M. Shengelia, N. Intskirveli, N. Gogebashvili/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 52-55. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Among the factors contributing to the gallstones formation an important role belongs to the inflammation. The goal of our research – determination alterations of the redox balance and cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) content in the blood postmenopausal women with gallstone disease. 58 menopausal women with gallstone disease, who had been admitted to the LTD ”1-st Clinic” (Tbilisi, Georgia) during 2009-2011 were studied. Gallstone disease was proved by ultrasonography method. The control group consisted of 25 menopause aged women without gallstone disease. The Local Ethics Committee approved the protocol, and informed consent was obtained from all participants or their surrogates. Patients was conducted for blood redox status (EPR signals of superoxide (O₂^-) and lipoperoxide (LOO^.) radicals) and citokins (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) content. It was revealed increase production of oxygen and lipoperoxide free radicals, macrophage inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α) in blood of menopausal women with gallstone disease. It was concluded that macrophages play a dominant role in the inflammatory and oxidative response during gallbladder stones disease in postmenopausal women.

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12.C13.20. The EPR study of nitric oxide in placenta during preeclampsia. /M. Tortladze, N. Kintraia, T. Sanikidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 55-59. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the study was to establish alteration of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in placenta and its role in pathogenesis of physiological and complicated with preeclampsia (PE) pregnancy. Fifty women with preeclampsia and 30 control pregnant women were studied. The control group was selected from healthy pregnant women; the pre-eclamptic group consisted of women who were normotensive before pregnancy and during the first 20 weeks of gestation, and developed hypertension associated with new onset proteinuria. NO content in placenta was studied by Electron paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) method. During pregnancy complicated with PE intensity of EPR signal of adrenodoxin FeS-centres reduced (by 60%), of cytochrome Р-450 increased by 60% – compared to the same parametres during physiological pregnancy; intensive EPR signal of spin-trapped Lipoperoxide (LOO.) was also detected; in the EPR spectrum of placenta a significant reduction of free nitric oxide content and intensive signals of of nitric oxide complexes with hemic and nonhemic iron were detected. These complexes indicate on the nitrosilation of mitochondrial electron transport proteins with following alterations of their activity and disorders of energo- and steroidogenesis processes in placenta during PE. Alterations of placental nitrosilated complexes during PE suggests that NO plays an important role in the regulation its functions.

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12.C13.21. Prevalence of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealiticum in pregnant and women with reproductive problems. /L. Akhvlediani/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 59-63. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The aim of the research was to explore women with reproductive problems and pregnant women on mycoplasma and ureaplasma as well as to investigate spread of these microbes in the women of reproductive age. There were investigated 100 women with reproductive problem and 96 pregnant women. It was found that 64% of women with reproductive problem and 60% of pregnant women had Ureaplasma urealyticum with high titer (more then 1000 cells in ml), but Mycoplasma hominis was detected approximately in equal % of non-pregnant and pregnant women (12% – non-pregnant women; 16% – pregnant women). It is recommended to investigate women before planning pregnancy.

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12.C13.22. Nitric oxide-dependent skin aging mechanism in post-menopausal women. /A. Katsitadze, K. Berianidze, Kh. Kaladze, T. Mchedlishvili, T. Sanikidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 66-71. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The goal of our study was to determine nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanisms of skin aging in post- and premenopausal women. 23 women (age 40-50 year) were investigated. Women were divided into 2 groups: I group – reproductive age women (10 patients); II group – menopause age women (13 patients). Patients were included in the menopausal group when they fulfill the following criteria: at least 12 month of amenorrhea. All patients are subjected to a standard diagnostic protocol. In each group we investigated estradiole, lipids and free NO content. Skin of postmenopausal women as a rule was pale, grayish, in some cases revealed pigmentation; skin around the eyes less flexible, wrinkled. Moderate hypercholesterolemia and reduced levels of nitric oxide and estradiole in the blood of studed postmenopausal women (in comparison reproductive aged women) was revealed. Decrease free NO content in blood may be due to the decrease of NO synthesis, as well as the oxidative degradation of NO in the oxidative stress conditions. In article the mechanism of dependence of NO-vasodilatative system activity on the level of hypercholesterolemia and estrogen content in blood are discussed. It was concluded that in menopausal women insufficiency of estrogen’s content is the main factor, which stipulates insufficiency of NO-dependent vasodilatative mechanism, and disorder of subcutaneous vasodilatation in aged (postmenopausal) women which contributes to violations of the oxidative processes in the skin and its rapid aging.

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12.C13.23. The role of estrogens in pathoge-nesis of age-related arterial hypertension. /L. Ratiani, M. Khorava, M. Dgebuadze, N. Zhvania, T. Sanikidze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 71-76. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Several factors are contributing to menopausal hypertension; the role of estrogens in pathogenesis of hypertension in menopausal women have not completely established. The aim of the present investigation was to study some aspects of the role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of hypertension during menopause. 93 women with hypertension, who are referred to the Central Clinic of Tbilisi State Medical University (Georgia) during 2009-2011 were investigated. Women were divided into 2 groups: 1 – reproductive age group (43 patients); 2 – menopause age group (50 patients). In each group we investigated estradiole, oxygen (O₂^-), lipid (LOO^.) reactive species, NO and endotheline content and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GR) activity. The results of study reveal increased of superoxide – and lipoperoxide – radicals, as well as of endothelin сontent in blood of menopausal women, while concentration of free nitric oxide decreased; at the same time activity of catalase increased (by 50%), GR reduced significantly (by 38%) and SOD’s activity didn’t change in comparision to reproductive aged group. Negative correlation between the HbNO and estradiole content in blood of reproductive aged women was established (r=-0,60, p=0.03); no dependence between these two parameters in menopausal aged women was revealed (r=-0, 29, p=0,12). It was concluded, that in women of reproductive age probability and risk of hypertension grows in the presence of additional risk factors, such as oxidative stress and/or fluctuations in estrogen’s level towards insufficiency, which leads to reduction of nitric oxide content due to its oxidative transformation in peroxinitrite, or enhanced inclusion in HbNO complexes, whereas development of hypertension in postmenopausal women may develop by different mechanisms, might including inflammation.

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12.C13.24. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: complications and solutions (case report). /N. Pirtskhalava/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 76-82. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Hypertension is the most common medical complication of pregnancy. Pheochromocytoma in pregnancy is rare, and if unrecognized, can cause serious perinatal morbidity and mortality. A patient with paroxysmal hypertension, postpartum intraabdominal bleeding, and a recognized pheochromocytoma is described. A 36-yr-old previously practical healthy woman (gravida4, para 3) presented to our tertiary care centreat at 26 weeks four days gestation with a history of labile bloodpressure and severe hypertension. A two week prior to admissionshe began having episodes of severe headache, sweating, nausea and dizziness. On an obstetric visit she was noted to beseverely hypertensive with a blood pressure of 220/120 mmHg.Ultrasound imaging demonstrated a 11,6 cm x 9,2 cm rightadrenal mass, biochemical investigations confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The patient was invasively monitored in the intensivecare unit and treated with alpha-blockers and doxazosin. A multidisciplinary conferencewas organized involving endocrinology, anesthesiology, generalsurgery and obstetrics to determine the most appropriate managementof the patient. Childbirth was performed by elective Cesarean Section with simultaneous laparatomic right-sided adrenalectomy. Postoperative period was complicated with intraabdominal bleeding consequently treated during relaparatomy. The primary goals in the management of pheochromocytomain pregnancy are early diagnosis, usage of alpha-blockers, and avoidance of a hypertensivecrises during delivery and definitive surgical treatment. Timingof surgical resection will depend on the gestational age atwhich diagnosis is made. Cesarean section is the preferred modeof delivery when the tumor is still present. Complications such is bleeding from adrenalectomy site should be considered. This case illustratesthat with antenatal diagnosis, advanced methods of tumor localization,adequate preoperative adrenergic blockade and team planning,pheochromocytoma in pregnancy can be treated successfully even in complicated cases.

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12.C13.25. Adolescent health care in Italy: a mini-review. /V. De Sanctis, G. Filati, B. Fiscina, A. Marsciani, G. Piacentini, G. Timoncini, L. Reggiani, A. Zucchini/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 8-12. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The purpose of this mini-review is to present the National Health System and services available for adolescents in Italy, and to review the most relevant data on morbidity and mortality in Italian teens. Adolescent medicine in Italy is not a separate specialty, but there are some distinct services for adolescents in pediatric departments or gynecologic wards, mostly in large cities where university hospitals or hospital of national relevance are located. Primary health care in Italy is provided mainly by general practitioners (GPs) and pediatricians, and on-call physicians (Guardia Medica) for after-hours medical care and services. The number of centres providing care for adolescents in Italy is 4097 (50% of these are in the North of Italy, 20% in the Central regions and 20% in the South and Islands). The population of Italy on January 1st 2011 was approximately 60,477,881 and the number of adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, was 6,214,000. The most frequent causes of death in adolescents are motor vehicle accidents – more than half of which are related to drug or alcohol use – followed by cancer and suicide. In primary care, adolescents present with a large number of issues, particularly upper respiratory infections, musculoskeletal problems, pain syndromes, obesity, eating disorders, dermatological issues, mood and somatoform disorders, school and mental health problems, and chronic fatigue, many of which require a coordinated, multidisciplinary management approach. The estimated population with a chronic illness is 8%. There are no specific protocols for the transition to adult medicine physicians for patients with chronic diseases or special health needs. In order to improve the quality and quantity of education in adolescent health for pediatricians and GPs, the Study Group of Emilia and Romagna Region for Adolescent Health Care (SGA-ER) is going to organize, beginning in 2012, a two year educational intervention course in adolescent health.

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12.C13.26. Sexuality in young people with physical disabilities: theory and practice. /D. Hardoff/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 23-26. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Sexuality and sexual function are important to persons with disabilities just as they are to their able-bodied counterparts, but knowledge about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among persons with disabilities is frequently inadequate. Adolescents and young adults with physical disabilities are less active socially, and have difficulties in developing intimate relationships. Thus, despite greater needs for SRH education and service delivery than persons without disabilities, dedicated services regarding sexuality and physical disabilities are scantly reported. Together with a literature survey on sexuality and disability in adolescents, a unique comprehensive SRH service for young people with physical disabilities is described in this review. Despite being interdisciplinary, the utilization of the service was limited due to difficulties in transportation to the clinic and in finding escort for aid in accessibility to public transportation. Health authorities should provide the resources for the development of accessible comprehensive multidisciplinary SRH services dedicated to young people with disabilities, and thus fulfill the United Nations General Assembly declaration on the rights of persons with disabilities.

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12.C13.27. Effects of growth hormone on heart structure and function in adolescence. /M. Toumba, V. Neocleous, C. Shammas, A. Jossif, N. Skordis/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 33-39. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Until recently, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were considered to control only linear growth. Apart from growth effect, GH has additional important physiological functions in the human body influencing several metabolic processes, body composition, muscle strength, and bone mineral density. In adolescence, where the majority of these physiological functions reach a zenith, GH plays a crucial role. The ability of GH to trigger cardiac muscle growth by direct and indirect effects plays a pivotal role in the physiology of the heart. Patients with childhood or adulthood onset of GH deficiency are exposed to increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity. GH treatment may have beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system in GH deficient adolescents. On the other hand discontinuation of GH treatment in these patients may result in the accumulation of relevant cardiovascular risk factors such as increase in body and abdominal fat and LDL and total cholesterol concentrations. No potential adverse cardiac effects of GH therapy have been so far demonstrated in short stature patients with normal GH secretion. Nevertheless, no evidence of heart hypertrophy or cardiomypathy has been documented in adolescents with GH excess has been reported in adults. Nonetheless, normalization of GH and IGF-1 levels in such patients is essential in order to arrest cardiovascular disease later in life.

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12.C13.28. Genetic defects in the CYP21A2 gene in heterozygous girls with premature adrenarche and adolescent females with hyperandrogenemia. /V. Neocleous, C. Shammas, AP. Phedonos, E. Karaoli, A. Kyriakou, M. Toumba, LA. Phylactou, N. Skordis/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 40-47. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a common autosomal recessive disorder primarily caused by mutants in the CYP21A2 gene. Heterozygosity for CYP21A2 mutations in females increases their risk of clinically manifesting hyperandrogenism and the present study was designed to seek evidence on the prevalence and consequences of heterozygous CYP21A2 mutations in children with premature adrenarche and adolescents with hyperandrogenemia. The hormonal response to ACTH was evaluated in 17 girls with clinical signs of premature adrenarche and 17 adolescent females with hyperandrogenemia, along with direct DNA sequencing and MLPA analysis for mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. The suspicion of heterozygote state was based on the median plasma 17-OHP before and 60 minutes after ACTH stimulation. All 34 patients were identified as carriers of CYP21A2 mutations. The most frequent mutations among this cohort of carriers were the mild p.V281L (52.9%), followed by p.Q318stop (20.6%), p.V304M (8.9%), p.P482S (5.9%), p.P453S (5.9%), large deletion/conversion exons 1-4 (2.9%) and large deletion/conversion exons 6-8 (2.9%). Higher values of stimulated 17-OHP levels were found in the carriers of the p.V281L mutation compared with carriers of other mutations (mean=21.9 nmol/L vs 17.0 nmol/L). This finding supports the already identified notion that carriers of the mild p.V281L are at higher risk for hyperandrogenism than carriers of severe mutations. In conclusion: a. Females with premature adrenarche and hyperandrogenemia are likely to bear heterozygous CYP21A2 mutations, therefore systematic evaluation of 17-OHP values in combination with the molecular testing of CYP21A2 gene is beneficial, b. carriers of the mild p.V281L, are at higher risk of androgen excess compared to carriers of other types of mutations.

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12.C13.29. Continuous glucose monitoring, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin – glucose parameters in adolescents with simple obesity. /A. El Awwa, A. Soliman, M. Al-Ali, M. Yassin, V. De Sanctis/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 47-53. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

In obese adolescents pancreatic beta-cells may not be able to cope with insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia and type2 diabetes (T2DM). To assess oral glucose tolerance, 72-h continuous blood glucose concentrations (CGM) and calculate homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in 13 adolescents with simple obesity (BMI SDS=4±1.06). OGTT performed in 13 obese adolescents (13.47±3 years) revealed 3 cases (23%) with impaired fasting glucose (IFG: fasting glucose >5.6 mmol/L), 4 cases (30%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT: 2h blood glucose >7.8 <11.1 mmol/L), and none with diabetes. Using the continuous glucose monitoring system ( CGMS), IFG was detected in 4 cases, the maximum serum blood glucose (BG : 2h or more after meal) was >7.8 and <11.1 mmol/L (IGT) in 9 children (69%) and >11.1 mmol/L (diabetes) in one case (7.6%). Five cases had a minimum BG recorded of <2.7 mmol/L (hypoglycemia). No glycemic abnormality was detected using HbA1C (5.7±0.3%). 11/13 patients had HOMA values >2.6 and QUICKI values <0.35 denoting insulin resistance. Beta cell mass percent (B %)=200±94.8% and insulin sensitivity values (IS)= 50.4±45.5% denoted insulin resistance with hyper-insulinaemia and preserved beta cell mass. In obese adolescents, CGMS is superior to OGTT and HbA1C in detecting glycemic abnormalities, which appears to be secondary to insulin resistance.

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12.C13.30. Capillaroscopy and ECG parameters in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type I. /G. Chakhunashvili, N. Jobava, Kh. Chakhunashvili, M.Shvangiradze, D. Chakhunashvili, K. Pagava/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 53-57. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Aim of the research: Evaluate ECG parameters and detect changes in capillaroscopy parameters in children and adolescents with Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1). ECG and capillaroscopy were performed in 32 children and adolescents (6-15 years old, 17 boys,15 girls) with DMT1. Disease duration – less than 2 years -13, 2-4 years – 10, 5-10 years – 9 cases. The patients were divided into two groups: I group – 12 patients with no complications of DMT1 (in all them duration of disease was less than 2 years), II group – 20 patients with diagnosed cardiac complications of DMT1 (diabetic cardiomyopathy, angiopathy). Additionally 6 of them had diabetic encephalopathy, 4 – diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy, 4 – nephropathy and retinal antipathy. Level of glycosides hemoglobin was 8-11%, level of glucose 4 to 15 mmole/L. Control group included 20 healthy children of the same age. In group I ECG is less informative. Hypertrophies of left ventricle and atrium and disorders of repolarization were mainly found in group II. In 62.5% of cases rhythm and conduction disorders were revealed, which were more often in group II. Capillaroscopy changes (pale and cyanotic background, decreasing of the number of capillaries in sight, dilated and contracted diameter, pathological shape and order of capillaries, slow blood flow) were seen both in I and II groups with more prevalence and intensity in the latter one. In children and adolescents with Diabetes mellitus type 1 ECG and capillaroscopy should be performed on the regular basis in order to reveal early changes and start the appropriate treatment in time.

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12.C13.31. Clinical, biochemical and radiological manifestations of severe vitamin d deficiency in adolescents versus children: response to therapy. /A. Soliman, V. De Sanctis, A. Adel, A. El Awwa, S. Bedair/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 58-64. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Objectives: to compare clinical, biochemical and radiological manifestations of severe vitamin D deficiency (VDD – serum 25 OH – vitamin D level <10 ng/ml) in adolescents and children and to investigate the effects of an intramuscular injection (IM) of vitamin D3 megadose. Design: in this prospective study 36 adolescents and 45 children with severe VDD were studied. An IM dose (10,000 IU/kg, max 600,000 IU) of cholecalciferol was injected and parameters of calcium homeostasis were measured at intervals of 3 months. Results: at presentation, infants and young children (age 1.9±0.5 years) with severe VDD had enlarged wrist joints (42/45), cranial bossing (39/45), wide anterior fontanel (27/45), Harrison’s sulcus (11/45), chest rosaries (27/45), bow legs (29/45), delayed teething (40/45), delayed motor milestones (36/45), short stature (length/height SDS <-2)(12/45), craniotabes (4/45) and hypocalcemic tetany (11/45). The most frequent biochemical abnormality was high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (45/45), followed by low phosphate (PO4) (36/45) and low calcium (Ca) (8/45). Adolescents with severe VDD presented with pain in weight bearing joints, back, thighs, knees, and calves (30/36) difficulty walking and/or climbing stairs and/or running (8/36), muscle cramps and/or facial twitches and/or carpopedal spasms (2/36) and genu valgum (2/36). Biochemical serum abnormalities included high ALP (31/36), low phosphate (10/36) and low Ca (4/36). Variable radiological manifestations due to VDD were detected in all children (45/45) and in some of adolescents (19/35). Two different radiological patterns have been recognized in adolescents. Three months after injecting a mega dose of cholecalciferol all biochemical abnormalities were corrected with significant improvement of symptoms related to VDD had been reported in all children (45/45) and in the majority (33/36) of adolescents with VDD. 3-6 months after the injection, complete healing of the radiological evidence of VDD was achieved in all rachitic children and the majority of adolescents (16/19). Conclusion: it appears that adolescents adapt better to severe VDD compared to infants, with less severe clinical, biochemical and radiological manifestations. An IM mega dose of cholecalciferol is effective therapy for treatment of VDD in children and adolescents for 3 months but not for 6 months.

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12.C13.32. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in thalassaemia: an emerging concern for physicians. /V. De Sanctis, S. Campisi, B. Fiscina, A. Soliman/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N9(210). – pp. 71-76. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The occurrence of malignancies in thalassaemic patients is an emerging concern for physicians. In the last five years, in a single Thalassaemia Unit following 195 thalassaemic patients, eleven cases of carcinoma were diagnosed: 4 cases of liver, 1 of lung, 1 of adrenal gland and 5 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (patient mean age 42.6 years).Therefore, we decided to perform a thyroid ultrasonography (US) in addition to the periodic (6-12 months) assessment of FT4 and TSH in all adult patients with thalassaemia followed at the Thalassaemia Unit of Siracusa and at the Outpatient Clinic of Quisisana Hospital of Ferrara. Thyroid nodules were found in 8.6% of 58 examined thalassaemia major or intermedia patients. To exclude thyroid malignancy, fine needle biopsy (FNAC) under US guidance was performed. A diagnosis of incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) was made in 3 female patients with iron overload. According to the World Health Organization, PTMC is defined as papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring < or = 10 mm in the greatest dimension. Two patients were HCV positive. All underwent a total or subtotal thyroidectomy with histological confirmation of the FNAC cytology diagnosis. In conclusion, it seems that patients with thalassaemia have a substantial risk for malignancies. Further studies are needed in these patients to clarify the possible link between cellular iron content, hepatitis C virus infection and cancer development. A thyroid ultrasonography is recommended for all adult thalassaemic patients in addition to the annual FT4 and TSH assessment.

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12.C13.33. Some effects of mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde on spinal neuronal responses to cutaneous stimuli in male rats. /M. Tsagareli, A. Merrill, N. Tsiklauri, M. I. Carstens, I. Nozadze, G. Ghurtskaia, E. Abzianidze, E. Carstens/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.104-116. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are being ardently pursued as targets for pain therapies. They play an important role in transducing thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli for somatic sensation. Several TRP channels exhibit sensitivity to increases or decreases in temperature as well as chemical ligands that elicit similar thermal or painful sensations; these include mustard oil, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon, menthol from mint, gingerol, camphor, capsaicin from chili peppers, eugenol from cloves, and others. Mustard oil [allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)] and cinnamaldehyde (CA), agonists of the ion channel TRPA1 expressed in sensory neurons, elicit a burning sensation and heat hyperalgesia. In this work, we tested whether these phenomena are reflected in the responses of lumbar spinal wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons recorded in anesthetized male rats. Responses to electrical and graded mechanical and noxious thermal stimulation were tested before and after cutaneous application of AITC or CA. Repetitive application of AITC initially increased the firing rate of 52% of units followed by rapid desensitization that persisted when AITC was reapplied 30 min later. Responses to noxious thermal, but not mechanical, stimuli were significantly enhanced irrespective of whether the neuron was directly activated by AITC. These findings indicate that AITC produced central inhibition and peripheral sensitization of heat nociceptors. CA did not directly excite WDR neurons, and significantly enhanced responses to noxious heat while not affecting responses to skin cooling or mechanical stimulation, indicating a peripheral sensitization of heat nociceptors. Overall, the presented data with our behavioral results support the idea that thermo-sensitive TRPA1 channel represents a promising target for the development of analgesic drugs in relief of pain. Fig. 6, Ref. 32.

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12.C13.34. The maximum heart rate as a parameter of sport-age functioning. /G. Zubitashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.117-120. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The maximum heart rate is the variable that is very important in determining the training quality as well as to avoiding unnecessary loading on the body. In spite of the known fact that heart rate depends on age, gender, sportive qualification, type of sport, load intensity and other environmental factors – it is still unknown exactly how much its value is affected by the factor of training. Aforementioned determined the research aim: to study the maximum heart rate value dependence on the age and training level on an example of different ages of judokas(8-20 year). The maximum heart rate was measured by palpation during one minute. In order to achieve a maximum heart rate value in judokas developed fast durability test (fast throws) was used by the author, lasting for 100 seconds. Quantitative heart rate data received after completing the test were depicted as minimum, average and maximum values (p<0.05). The study compared the data of untrained persons and judokas (20-22 years of age). It was found that on the one hand training factor somewhat increases this index and the difference makes 7.1 beats per minute. On the other hand, it is proved that the maximum heart rate is affected by the age factor, and therefore this index from 8 to 20-years of age decreases annually on average by1.2 beats (from 212 to 196). The obtained results show that on the example of the heart rate the functional development for judokas extends well beyond the general biological characteristic regulations and makes standards specific for it. Fig. 1, Ref. 8.

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12.C13.35. Helicobacter pylori urease activity and spread of Candida spp in patients with gastric cancer. /Sh. Khetsuriani, Z. Khetsuriani, T. Muralidhasan, K. Chandran/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.121-124. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

Nowadays, more than 50% of the world population are infected with Helicobacter pylori. It is a well-known fact that this microorganism is of a great danger for people in 20-30% cases. It is also known that the index of infection, caused by H. pylori, depends on geographic areas, ethnics and race, factors of habits, sex, age and social environment. It is especially common in economically under-privileged countries. This infection is mainly spread in the kind of gastroduodenal diseases: chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, MALT-lymphoma, gastric cancer. According to certain literature the mentioned bacterium causes diseases of other visceral organs of humans. The aim of our research was to study H. pylori urease activity, spread and coexistence of Candida spp and H. pylori in patients with gastric cancer. 24 patients with gastric cancer (GC) were involved in the study (National Cancer Center, Tbilisi). Identification of strains H. pylori, Candida spp and other gram-negative rods and gram-positive cocci were performed by established methods, on the basis of morphological, tinctorial, cultural and biochemical properties. Ages of patients ranged from 50-73 years with a male:female ratio of 1:3. Gc was more frequent in antrum (58.33±10.07%). Microorganisms were isolated both in monocultures and in associations. There were 19 H. pylori+ patients (35.84±9.78%). Candida spp were isolated in 30.18±9.35% cases. Other organisms were in a small amount (gramnegative rods, gram-positive cocci.). Correlation of H. pylori and Candida spp was higher in comparison with other species. The highest urease activity of H. pylori was revealed within 24h (42.10±10.07%). Fig. 1, Tab. 2, Ref. 11.

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12.C13.36. Action of certain pyrrole derivatives on brain cortex during hemorrhagic shock in cats. /Gr. Sulaberidze, M. Ghvaladze, E. Chkonia, T. Gegeshidze, T. Buachidze, M. Chkhaidze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.125-130. –eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

During hemorrhagic shock (HS), in which the destructive process develops, the brain cortex sharply reacts to hypoxia. The pyrrole derivative PV-88 is characterized by Ca2+ slow L channel blocking effect. Subsequently, it protects the brain cortex cells from overloading by Ca2+ ions. Possibly, it also affects T channels due to the cerebral-protective effect of this class of preparations. The experiments were carried out on male cats. In total three series of experiments were conducted with 5 animals in each: one series in conditions of HS, the second series at the 80th minute of HS against the background of verapamil action, and the third series as a result of PV-88 effect. Modeling of the hemorrhagic shock development was maintained up to 40 mm Hg the mean arterial pressure (MAP), gradually decreasing during 1 hour (HS60). The blood exfusion at 40 ml/kg was done against the background of artificial ventilation, which made 130-150 ml/min. The arterial blood pH was maintained at 7.35-7.45, and PO₂ – 90 mm Hg and more. The cat’s body temperature stability varied between 37.8°C and 38.2°C. In the right femoral artery MAP was measured invasively, and from the left one the blood exfusion was done. Verapamil at the dose of 0.25 mg/kg and PV-88 at the dose of 3.0 mg/kg dissolved in normal saline, the volume of which did not exceed 1/20 of the exfused blood, were administered into the cat’s right femoral vein. The animal’s death was caused by putting it asleep at the 80th minute from the start of blood exfusion. We took the left frontal lobe (Lobus frontalis) of the brain cortex for examination by the electron microscope. Our research shows that PV-88, which is an acidic nitrate, 1-3(diethylamide propyl-3(n-fluorophenyl-3-oxopropen)pyrrol, is characterized by a more marked protecting ability to astrocytes and neurocytes, than preparation verapamil. Fig. 4, Ref. 17.

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12.C13.37. Statistical characteristics of blood pressure and heart rate variation in different blood pressure categories. /M. Janiashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012. – V.6. – N3. – pp.131-134. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

In this work different data sets of the blood pressure and heart rate characteristics of persons from different blood pressure categories have been investigated. In particular, the systolic, diastolic and heart rate time series obtained from 24h ambulatory monitoring were recorded. These data have been collected from 160 persons (91 men and 69 women) residents of Tbilisi. The age of patients for the present investigation was in the range of 30–70 years. Blood pressure and heart rate variability data in these patients have been recorded in the standard calm sitting conditions. Together with these, recorded during the investigation data sets, additionally we have carried out analysis of calculated data sets. Namely time series, such as the pulse pressure and the mean arterial pressure data sets have been analyzed. Patients have been grouped into four different blood pressure categories according to the guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology. Statistical features of these data sets, both measured and calculated, for patients from different blood pressure categories were calculated and compared. Standard statistical test was used and coefficients of variation of heart rate and blood pressure time series were calculated. It was shown that there is clear correlation between statistical properties of the analyzed characteristics and level of blood pressure in different categories. Normal and high normal blood pressure categories of patients from different blood pressure categories reveal a clear difference in terms of the statistical features of blood pressure and heart rate characteristics. Fig. 2, Ref. 5.

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12.C13.38. Brain structural-hemodynamic changes in patients with potential cardiac source of embolism. /F. Todua, D. Gachechiladze/. Bulletin of Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2012 . – V.6, N2. – pp. 145-152. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the brain structural and haemodinamic changes in patients with potential source of cardiogenic embolism. In the period of 2002-2007 116 patients with carotid system severe and chronic dyscirculation were investigated. Patients age varied between 42-76 years. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I – 56 patients (mean age 62±7.3 yr) with potential source of cardiogenic embolism (PCSE) (atrial fibrillation, endocarditis, aortic or mitral valve calcinosis, postinfarct aneurism). Source of embolism was defined by corresponding diagnostic tools: ECG, 24 h, Holter monitoring, echocardiography. Patients with extra-intracranial artery haemodynamically or embologenous pathology were excluded from group I. Group II: 60 patients (mean age 61±8.4 yr) with lack of PCSE and with evidence of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease (CAD). All patients underwent routine neurologic examination, functional status study by Rankin scale, brain computed (CT) or magnetic resonance tomography (MRI), extra-intracranial artery Color Doppler, MDCT or MR-angiography. Examination revealed prevalence of symptomatic cerebral ischemia in group I. In comparison, in group II cases of chronic cerebral dyscirculation was noted. By CT and MRT images of infarction were divided into 5 subtypes: total, cortical/subcortical, deep, small cortical, lacunar infarctions. In the PCSE group in 39 (69%) cases the presence of infarctions was noted. From them in 24 cases total or cortical/subcortical infarctions were present. In the CAD group non-focal changes (diffuse, atrophy changes) prevailed 31 (52%). In the CAD group in 49 (82%) cases atherostenotic stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was revealed. Patients had a higher frequency of moderate stenosis of the symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) side 28 (58%) and lower frequency of severe stenosis 5 (8%) and occlusion 3 (5%). Potential embologenous atherosclerotic plaques were defined in 28 (47%) cases. By TCd-embolodetecting cerebral emboli was defined in 13 (72%) of 18 PCSE patients and 11 (65%) of 17 CAD patients. Transcranial Doppler examination revealed flow decrease in middle cerebral (MCA), and anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) in PCSE patients. In cases of large infarction flow velocity at the MCA was 32.6± 4.8cm/s. In comparison, in the CAD group flow parameters in the anterior circulation arteries were at normal levels. Only in the cases of ICA severe stenosis or occlusion flow decrease in the ipsilateral MCA and ACA was noted. Our data show that PCSE has a tendency to have a larger infarction, combined superficial and deep territorial, bilateral involvement, high recurrence rate. Cardioembolic stroke is associated with a worse outcome than other stroke subtypes. In patients with carotid artery atherosclerotic changes the main reason of brain infarction may be atherothromboembolism from nonstable carotid atherosclerotic plaque. The diagnosis of cardiogenic or large artery stroke relies on detection of potential emboligenic sources in the absence of other etiology of equal or greater plausibility. Early application of modern neuroimaging techniques raises the diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of patients at risk for cerebrovascular cardisease. In patients with a potential source of cardiogenic embolism careful complex examination of the cardiac status and extra-intracranial blood flow conditions is quite important. Fig. 4, Tab. 3, Ref. 16.

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12.C13.39. Variability and distributional analysis of blood pressure and heart rate data of patients in different hypertension categories. /M. Janiashvili, N. Jibladze, T. Matcharashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 342-350. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

Using different methods of statistical data analysis we investigated blood pressure and heart rate variability characteristics of 160 persons in the age range from 30 to 70 years. By their systolic blood pressure values, participants of this research were grouped in optimal, normal, high normal and first grade hypertension blood pressure categories according to guidelines for Management of Hypertension. Data sets of measured as well as calculated characteristics such as systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, the mean arterial pressure and heart rate of participants were analyzed. By this analysis we aimed to investigate relation between the level of blood pressure and statistical and distributional features of mentioned characteristics in different classification categories. The most important task was to compare variability features of arterial pressure and heart rate characteristics in persons falling into normal and high normal hypertension categories. This was caused by the fact that grouping of patients in these close groups do not ensure that variability features of their blood pressure and heart rate characteristics will necessarily differ. Results of our analysis convince, that there is clear reference between variability features of analyzed characteristics (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure, the mean arterial pressure and heart rate) and the level of blood pressure in different categories. Moreover, despite of closeness of threshold values of the blood pressure, established by guidelines for normal and high normal categories of a hypertension, the analyzed features of patients from these categories were found significantly different by their statistical and distributional features. Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 18.

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12.C13.40. Medical mineral water Lugela – the highest form of natural technology. /T. Abesadze, L. Kurtanidze, L. Kvaratskhelia/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 291-295. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Lugela is 7-9% chloride-calcium mineral water, a transparent solution without admixtures, with no smell and bitter taste. By pharmacological properties Lugela is a multi-component, high mineral 45-50 mg / dm3 water, characterized by anti allergic, antibacterial, anti rachitic, anti inflammatory qualities. Indications of usage: Medical indications of Lugela include: functional deficiency of parathyroid glands, tuberculosis of respiratory organs and lymphatic glands, allergic diseases of urination organs, hemorrhage tetany, spasmophilly fractures some dermatological diseases of inflammatory character. Rules of usage and dosage: 3-4 table-spoons per day after meal for adults. Treatment course lasts four days; additional course might be advised by a doctor. Side-effects: Lugela cannot be used in the cases of hypercalcaemia, thrombosis, complicated atherosclerosis copper and phosphor deficit. Side effects: The taking of Lugela may be accompanied by the feeling of inner burning, reddening and strengthened urination. Ref. 3.

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12.C13.41. Application of electrohydraulic method for high dispersive synthesis of magnetic nanofluid for medical purposes. /V. Mikelashvili, J. Markhulia, Sh. Kekutia, R. Tatarashvili/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 350-355. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Several problems must be solved for the synthesis of magnetic nanofluid of medical application which represents colloidal disspersion with particle volume concentration of 25%. First of all it is necessary to gain magnetic particles with size less than 8-15 nanometers and to cover the particles of dispersive phase by the stabilizing molecules, which must prevent the agglomeration of particles and at the same time provide formation of steady colloid system of one-domain magnetic particles. Although today existing dispersive methods such as ultrasonication or centrifugation partially ensure averege quality of deisspersity, the problem to decrease formation size (20-80 nm) is still actual. The electrohydraulic method for better dispersity, stabilization and homogenous size distribution of Fe₃O₄nanofluid, synthesized by chemical method, is proposed in contrast to centrifugation and ultrasonication methods. The essence of this method consists in discharging by special pulse electrical current into covered or open vessel constituting magnetic fluid into two discharging rods resulting high hydraulic pressure around discharging zone accomplished by mechanical breaking. Resonant processes and strong infra and ultra oscillations additionally dispergate and dismiss large materials, breaks through the sorption and chemical conjugates in the fluid. Fig. 3, Ref. 15.

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12.C13.42. Farmacological effects of allopathic remedies and homeopathic nanoparticles. /M. Chikava/. Basic paradigms in science and technology development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 372-375. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Homeopathic (H) medicine is nanopharmacology. How do homeopathic nanoparticles act on the human organism? For this pharmacological effects of H and allopathic belladonna (BL) and barberry (BR) are considered in this work. These effects are manifested by double phase action of remedies. At present it’s generally acknowledged pharmacological principle and is known with title “The law of Arndt-Shulz”. The alkaloid of BL – Atropin provokes the blockade of parasymphathic nerves with therapeutic dose, but H BL, by contrast, has M-cholinomymetic action. That’s why middle dilutions of H BL (C12-C30) cures such symptoms, which manifest as side effects, while using middle doses of its alkaloid – Atropin. The minimal micro doses or high potentials of H BL are effective for cure of those spheres, which are damaged by Atropin’s maximally high doses. Analogously, the higher is HBR delusion, the wider it manifests it’s double phase action. Double effect exists also between substances toxic and microdoses. For example, Arsen, Mercurius dulcis and other remedies are used in homeophathy for cure, which are poisons in ordinary doses. Thus, double phase action of remedies explains densel connection between allopathic remedies and homeopathic nanoparticles, which proves, that homeopathy and allopathy are two interadditional medicines. Homeopathy may be defined as one of the therapeutic directions, which acts on nanoparticle levels. Ref. 8.

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D. INTERSECTORAL PROBLEMS

D1. Organization and Management

12.D1.1. Personnel motivation – primary source of success in competition. /E. Julakidze/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 64-68. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The success indicator in competition is the specific index of an organization which ensures its privileged position over competitors on the market. It is not difficult to guess success indicator in industry. It is comparatively difficult to establish the sources on which their privileges are based. There are many sources to achieve competitive preference in industry. Though, the most important is personnel motivation, as other sources of achievement of preference lose significance if personnel are not properly motivated. Modern management discusses motivation as a manager’s ability to manage team in such a manner that each of them do what is necessary and when it is necessary. Motivation is conditioned by many rather than individual factors. Ref. 6.

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12.D1.2. The role of communication in organization’s management. /Ph.Shengelia/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N6. – pp. 69-73. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Communication (from Latin "communis", meaning to share) is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the key factor in the success of any organization. When it comes to effective communication, there are certain barriers that every organization faces. People often feel that communication is as easy and simple as it sounds. No doubt, but what makes it complex, difficult and frustrating are the barriers that come in its way. Sometimes communicating bad news is as "simple" as having to admit that you made a mistake. Being accountable, direct, and prepared with a plan to move forward, all apply to admitting mistakes. It is also important to add on a "lessons learned" to your thought process and your discussion. How did the mistake happen, what are you doing to ensure it does not happen again? Holding on to information because you are afraid to come forward is not the answer. You will earn respect by owning your error and asking for help when you need it. If you are an effective communicator all the time, people will feel you have respect for them by your constant connection. This respect will make them more willing to listen to what you have to say and understand why you have to say it. Effective communication can be achieved only when the words used are brought to a common level of understanding for both parties. Ref. 11.

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12.D1.3. The functioning of the system of innovative management in the utilities sector of economy. /A. Klimenko/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 56-61. – eng.; abs.: eng.

The directions of innovative management of public utilities. And the main task of management of communal property in the state are considered. Ref. 6.

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12.D1.4. Conceptual foundations of forming state governance of the housing and communal services sector. /O. Kovalevska/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp. 62-68. – eng.; abs.: eng.

A system of relations between the tindustry, local authorities and business management utilities is analyzed Defined is the regional model of the system of relations in housing. Substantiated is the municipal model of the system of relations between industry, local authorities and business management utilities. Ref. 6.

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12.D1.5. Development of effective institutions of interaction between the state, territorial communities and business. /V. Zhuk/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N5. – pp.92-97. – rus.; abs.: eng.

Priorities in the development of civil society organizations that provide partnerships between government and business in the region are determined. An analysis of institutional preconditions for harmonizing partnerships between governmental bodies and business entities in the region is provided. Ref. 5.

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12.D1.6. Modern policy of human resource management. /N. Paichadze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 181-184. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article is devoted to the significant factor of public production – modern policy of human resource management. The attention is focused on such issues as the essence of human resource management policy and its types, general policy of human resource management and concepts. In the article particular attention is paid to a private policy of human resource management in such fields as: equal abilities, management of diversity, age and employment, career growth, balance between work and personal life, development and promotion of employees, their discipline, consideration of appeals, reductions. In this paper all the issues in relation to processing and reviewing of human resource management are also considered. Ref. 5.

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12.D1.7. Quality management in the tourism and hospitality industry. /G. Nadirashvili, Ch. Jashi/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N2(8). – pp. 26-31. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

This article examines the significance of quality issue, systematic approaches of different historical periods, influence of competitive environment on the quality of product and service, strategies of quality management. Knowledge of concepts and principles of service quality is crucial important for the professionals working in tourism and hospitality industry. Service quality is considered as the major concern tourism and hospitality industry. In particular attention has been focused on the methods of quality evaluating and customer locality . Measure of quality and foresee recommendations are very important for the implementation of effective marketing strategies and development tourism in Georgia. Ref. 8.

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12.D1.8. Risk management in working with human resources of a goal-oriented system (organization). /N. Tsomaia, G. Bolqvadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 372-380. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The thesis discusses in details the possible risk types during work with the personnel of a goal-oriented system (organization). Also offered is the concept of characterization of workplaces in organizations with their ranking and development of a model workplace, on the basis of which a reference model of a workman needed for the concrete workplace is established. The risks within the organization while working with staff and the main principles of their management are identified. Fig. 4, Ref. 8.

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12.D1.9. Automation of business process of organizational management. /G. Surguladze, M. Bregvadze, G. Gatenashvili, Z. Janiashvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 135-138. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper studies a software package developed with a goal to automate business management processes at the Georgian Manganese Ltd – Chiatura Mining-Enrichment Plant. The application is based on the MsVisual Studio.NET 4.0 integrated environment, C#, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, VBA, Ms SQL Server. Extension and development of the distributed system is carried out taking into account the integration needs based on the service oriented architecture. Fig. 4, Ref. 6.

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D2. Environmental Protection. Ecology

12.D2.1. Theoretical and organizational fundamentals of ecological planning in Ukraine. /G. Kupalova/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2013. – N1(7). – pp. 71-74. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The article deals with the theoretical and organizational issues of ecological planning in Ukraine. Also it includes forecasting at the different management levels in consideration with the sustainable economic development and Ukraine’ state ecological policy for the period until 2020. Ref. 4.

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12.D2.2. Metal pollution degree of Rustavi urban-industrial environment according to 2009-2011 data and sources of pollution. /Z. Svanidze, T. Tsertsvadze, L. Svanidze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 63-66. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

This work covers monitoring of lead, magnesium, chrome and nickel pollution of Rustavi urban-industrial environment in 2009-2011 and sources of pollution. Supervisory units are selected, where metallurgical enterprises and their neighboring areas are located. The research shows that lead concentration in urban-industrial environment is considerably high in districts of intense traffic. Regarding magnesium, chrome and nickel, their concentration tends to increase in districts where small metallurgical factories not equipped with air-cleaning systems are located. The author specifies districts where lead, magnesium, chrome and nickel concentration reaches degree hazardous for living organisms and therefore, specific measures should be taken to eradicate this problem. Tab. 2, Ref. 6.

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12.D2.3. Requirements of technical safety to oil storage depots and their equipment. /A. Bezhanishvili, D. Dumbadze, Z. Javakhishvili, J. Iosebidze, G. Mikadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 66-70. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The safety measures developed for safe operation of oil storage depots and their equipment are discussed, indicating the minimum distances from the reservoir park of depots and the filling facility to the neighboring enterprises, buildings and dwelling houses; also given are other safety measures connected with safe operation of such depots. Tab. 1, Ref. 2.

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12.D2.4. Biodiversity conservation and improvement by reclamation of erosive surfaces and the landscape restoration by environmentally safe natural materials. /T. Jikia, U. Zviadadze, V. Abzianidze, N. Poporadze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 78-81. – eng.; abs.: geo., rus.

The developed for reclamation purposes mixture VITA has all the properties that are necessary for reclamation of any surface. The method is quick, less laborious, ecologically safe, reliable and cheap. To achieve this goal, the testing under natural conditions has been carried out. Gumbrin in said mixture was replaced by clay from the Gardabani clay quarry and during the second testing – by Kavtiskhevi limestone quarry clay. The, reclamation by using the Kavtiskhevi clay is cheaper; the Gardabani clay has such valuable properties that in spite of additional expenses (transportation on distance about 80 km) it is most reasonable to use it for reclamation purposes. Tab. 2, Ref. 3.

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12.D2.5. Assessment of the cumulative impact of the Jvari, Khudoni and Nenskra tandem reservoir system on local climate. /N. Begalishvili, T. Tsintsadze, N.N. Begalishvili, N. Tsintsadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 3-11. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work gives the assessment of the possible cumulative impact of the three water reservoirs located in the River Enguri gorge on the environmental micro-climate. The spatial scales and intensity of the impact of Jvari, Khudon and Nenskra water reservoirs on the air temperature and humidity are identified by using the analytical solution of a two-dimensional stationary mathematical model of turbulent heat exchange and moisture circulation on the background of the horizontal wind given in the surface atmosphere. Assessment of the cumulative effect of the water reservoirs on the environment is made by super-positioning of the analytical solutions gained for each of the water reservoirs, i.e. the values of the impact effects of the three water reservoirs are summed up at every point of space. The possible cumulative impact of the series of water reservoirs on the regimes of wind and atmospheric precipitations is also assessed. The gained results suggest that any significant change in temperature or humidity may occur only in up to 5 km from the water reservoir coastline, in the wind direction. The impact of the series of the water reservoirs on the atmospheric precipitations and wind values is insignificant. Thus, no significant changes in the climate of the region are expected as a result of the cumulative impact of the series of the water reservoirs. Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 9.

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12.D2.6. Assessment of risks of the Nenskra hydroelectric power plant dam breakage and peak discharges of possible flashflood along the transit areas of the river. /N. Begalishvili, T. Tsintsadze, V. Tsomaia, N. Begalishvili, N. Tsintsadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 12-16. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The seismic and hydro meteorological risks of the possible damage to the designed Nenskra hydroelectric power plant dam are considered. The dam stability criterion is obtained, and its analysis is used to show the insignificant role of hydro meteorological processes (strong rain, flashflood, flood) as compared to the seismic risk. The fault line running in the given region may have impact on the dam stability. It is characterized by earthquakes with the magnitude of M=5; 2,5and 10% probability for a 50-year-long period. By admitting the total disintegration of the dam, the peak discharges of the originated flashflood wave are calculated on the fault site and along the river transit areas. For instance, the wave discharge at KHUDONHESI (Khudon hydroelectric power plant) dam may reach the value of 7x10⁴m³/sec. The time taken by the flashflood to cover the distance from the Nenskra dam to Khudon dam is approximately 1 hr. The work states that such a scenario of events may have an extremely negative impact on the beds of the Nenskra and Enguri rivers and settled areas near them, and Khudon hydroelectric power plant dam and water reservoir will be under the hazard of damage. Fig. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.D2.7. Introduction of climate change technologies in Georgia. /B. Beritashvili, N. Kapanadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 38-42. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Climate mitigation and adaptation technologies developed for Georgia are reviewed. In the mitigation sphere priority technologies selected for energy efficient construction, transport and renewable energy sub-sectors are discussed, and in the adaptation sphere – priority technologies selected for the Black Sea coastal zone, mountainous regions of Ajara and Kvemo Svaneti, and the semi-arid Dedoplistskaro region in East Georgia. Barriers preventing the adoption of these technologies and ways to overcome them are analyzed. Ref. 6.

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12.D2.8. Avalanche hazard settlements in Georgia. /M. Salukvadze, N. Kobakhidze, G. Jincharadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 58-62. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

Separate slops of 56% of the territory of Georgia are avalanche hazardous, out of them on 20% avalanching takes place each year. Resultants to expeditionary materials collected during decades, information obtained from the population, analyses of literature sources and archive materials 338 avalanche hazard settlements and 2550 avalanche aggregation spots have been located. Morph-ometric and dynamic characteristics of separate sections of avalanche routes were explored. Tab. 3, Ref. 5.

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12.D2.9. Thunderstorm occurrence probability over georgian territory. /I. Mkurnalidze, M. Tatishvili/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 248-253. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The thunderstorm occurrence probability has been calculated using Poisson distribution over Georgian territory. The multiyear (1936-2006) thunderstorm day mean and maximuml seasonal (III-X months) values of 59 weather stations have been used. The probabilities were calculated for each station on 50, 100 and 150-km radius areas. The calculated results are presented in the table including meteostations grouped by climatic zones. The thunderstorm occurrence probability calculated on areas more than thunderstorm fixing ones (r₀) gives possibility for forecasting thunderstorm processes development. The obtained results can be used in various industrial sectors as well as for creation and verification of regional and global climatic models. Ref. 10.

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12.D2.10. Investigation of spilled oil infiltration into soil. /T. Davitashvili, I. Samkharadze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 380-390. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

In this article, the distribution of petroleum and mineral oil into the soils, based on the integration of the nonlinear filtration equation of a liquid are studied. Some analytical solutions of filtration equation of oil are presented. Analytical solution of filtration equation in case of the presence of non-linear diffusion processes or filtration processes or second source of oil are given and analyzed. The behavior of the infiltration process and diffusion parameters was studied. The results of the some numerical calculations are presented. Results of analytical and numerical investigations are in a good conformation with each other. Tab. 2, Fig. 9, Ref. 20.

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12.D2.11. Development of novel environmental methods facilitating the sustainable development and byproduct synergy in Georgia and South Caucasus countries: further progress. /M.Wireman, A. Chirakadze, I. Khomeriki, Z. Buachidze, D.Khutsishvili, D. Bibiluri, L.Sharikadze, Z. Sikmashvili, L. Ghurchumelia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 390-400. – eng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The natural resources of Georgia and other Caucasian countries are their main natural wealth. At the same time industrial and domestic wastes are a heavy burden for the nature of these counties that utterly aggravates the environmental situation and threatens several regions of Georgia and other Caucasian countries. Today the problem of disposal and utilization of industrial and domestic wastes is very urgent, and demands enormous expenses from the budget of the countries. Thus it is necessary to develop and apply industrial methods of utilization of wastes, which need low investments, have high profitability, are environmental safe and will contribute seriously to the economical progress of the regions and of the countries as a whole. Achieving sustainable development is one of the most important problems of modern Society. Sustainable Development must balance the needs of society, the economy, and the enviroment(the so called “triangle” of SD). Therefore, it is important to be able to influence all kinds of the factors that determine the level of sustainable development. Environmental and economic impacts of the implementation of microwave pretreatment in industrial utilization of hazardous waste by means of microwave enhanced halogen-ammonium roasting/ leaching of manganese-bearing waste and processing of inert polymeric wastes using utilization with circulating catalysts in Georgia and other South-Caucasian countries were estimated. Our study showed the possible advantages of the developed methods involved : low costs of environmentally friendly methods; high economic efficiency; high effectivity of decontamination and remediation. Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 26.

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12.D2.12. Ecological safety recommendations of Georgian Black Sea coastal area from the impact of sea waves. /R. Diakonidze, G. Chakhaia, L. Tsulukidze, Z. Varazashvili, P. Sichinava, I. Khubulava, G. Omsarashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 45-48. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

A review of pre-historical changes in borders of the Black Sea is given and the ecological condition of the coastal zone is estimated. The quantities of solid sediments brought by rivers to the Black Sea and the amounts of solid sediments deficits necessary for protection of the coastal zone from abrasive processes are estimated. The measures to protect the coastal zone from abrasive processes are presented with the respective conclusions and recommendations. Ref. 8.

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12.D2.13. Use of the theory of reliability in geographical research (by the example of study erosion processes). /G. Dokhnadze, N. Elizbarashvili, Sh. Kupreishvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 49-53. – rus.; abs.: eng., geo.

The work reviews the issues of the efficient use of slopes taking into account soil washing out. To evaluate the slope stability, fragments of the theory of reliability are used. A specific example is given. Fig. 1, Tab. 1, Ref. 9.

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12.D2.14. Quantitative assessment of dangerous condition of Black Sea. /I. Iordanishvili, K. Iordanishvili, E. Khosroshvili, N. Kandelaki/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 100-107. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

At quantitative estimation of dangerous condition of the Black Sea by using the methods of the theory of reliability for various loads: the total volume of solid sediment, phosphate and nitrite is made. Fig. 10, Tab. 1, Ref. 13.

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12.D2.15. Studying of relations between some diseases and atmospheric pollution degree for cities of Azerbaijan. /Sh. Mammedova/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 154-150. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The article presents a complex investigation of the air pollution and related diseases in Azerbaijan. The relations between the air pollution and diseases in the cities of Baku, Sumgayit and Ganja are established and specific graphs are designed. Fig. 6, Tab. 3, Ref. 7.

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12.D2.16. On the environmental problems of the Ararat Valley. /N. Meliqyan, T. Martirosyan/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 156-158. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

The work is devoted to the environmental and melioration problems of the Ararat Valley, one of which is a high level of ground waters. The work shows a variations in the level of groundwaters in the Ararat Valley in various years and details the measures to improve the situation. Fig. 1, Tab. 1, Ref. 8.

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12.D2.17. The role of industrial waste in the pollution of environment. /T. Supatashvili, L. Maisaia, O. Okriashvili/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 176-179. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The article considers one of the powerful sources of environmental pollution - industry. Special attention is given to the conserved industrial wastes, which are without any control and greatly endanger the surface water and soil. Tab. 3, Ref. 3.

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12.D2.18. Sustainable interior design as a factor in maintaining the environmental sustainability. /N. Kochladze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 194-197. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Sustainable development is a response to the global environmental crisis, fearful development of industry and huge population growth – all of this ultimately leads to the depletion of natural resources and cause irreparable damage to a valuable ecosystem. Sustainability is applicable in many areas of design, including an interior design. Sustainable interior design creates ecologically sustainable and healthy inner space. While minimizing negative impact on the environment green designers create a physiologically and psychologically healthy living space. There are some basic factors which must be taken into account: the presence in the interior of fresh air, environmentally friendly materials and daylight. Sustainable interior design harmonizes relations between human and nature and is a necessary factor in maintaining environmental sustainability. Fig. 2, Ref. 5.

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12.D2.19. The calculation of transformation of flood waves on the River Araz. /N. Hasanova/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 241-243. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

In the paper, the calculation of the transformation of flood waves on the river Araz. For this purpose, the method Maksingam. It is revealed that the time lag from the top of the alignment of the Kyzyl-Vank to Saatli approximately equals to 2 days. Determine the average relative error costs transformed runoff to the observations. Fig. 1, Ref. 3.

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D3. Statistics

12.D3.1. Topical problems of the income and expenditure statistics in Georgia. /I. Makalatia/. Ekonomisti (Economist). – 2012. – N1. – pp.84- 91. – geo.; abs.: eng.

The article deals with the income and expenditure statistics in Georgia. The average monthly incomes per capita by the types, both for the whole country amd as urban and rural areas, are calculated and a statistical analysis of the indicators is made. The conducted research reveals the modern state of the incomes and expenses and the appropriate conclusions are made. Tab. 3, Ref. 10.

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D4. Other Intersectoral Problems

12.D4.1. Gender aspects in emergencies (review). /T. Giorgadze, L. Maisuradze, S. Giorgadze, Z. Utiashvili, G. Abesadze/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 38-41. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

The results of a literature review show that the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerability of females lead to the relatively higher female disaster mortality rates compared to men; the disaster impact differ across economic class, ethnicity, gender and other factors; natural disasters exacerbate previously existing patterns of discrimination that render females more vulnerable to the fatal impact of disasters. The adverse impact of disasters on females relative to men vanishes with rising socio-economic status of women. However, more inter-disciplinary research is needed to fully understand the interplay between mortality and gender in the presence of natural disasters. More research is needed to fully understand why and how disaster strength interacts with female mortality.

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12.D4.2. Study of some biogerontological factors associated with women longevity in ajara population. /M. Koridze, R. Khukhunaishvili, M. Nagervadze, N. Zosidze, T. Koiava, I. Parulava/. Georgian Medical News. – 2012. – N7-8(208-209). – pp. 63-66. – еng.; abs.: geo., eng.

120 long-living women have been studied in Ajara for the purpose of revealing bio-gerontological factors associated with longevity. On the basis of special gerontological questionnaire survey and the genealogical research it has been revealed that the absolute majority of the long-livers was in happy and long marriage, most of them had stable partners and were in happy and long marriage. There are early as well as late marriages among the long-livers. However, the women who married at the age of reproductive puberty (from 18 to 30 years of age) considerably prevail among them. It seems that having many children is not directly associated with longevity. The correlation between late childbirth (over 40 years of age) and longevity was also shown. At the same time, the women having had their last delivery over 40 are distinguished by stronger health and high rate of longevity.

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12.D4.3. Elaboration of hypothermic method of malignant tumor therapy. /Z. Kovziridze, P. Khorava, L. Zerekidze, A. Eliozashvili, G. Donadze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 16-32. – geo.; abs.: eng.

Medium size and polydispersion index, zeta-potential and particle distribution of hematite and magnetite micro- and nanopowders have been studied. The analysis proved that average size of particles is 740.9 nm for magnetite and 30-100 nm for hematite. Alternative current power supply source has been created for hyperthermia. Proceeding from the task conditions U type MnZn magnetic conductors with cut out 10.0 and 8.0 mm wide gaps where glass tubes with magnetite and hematite suspensions are installed have been chosen. The series of experiments in conditions of different field stress and frequencies proved that for effective therapy of magnetic hyperthermia a comparatively powerful device with frequency up to 10 MHz is necessary in order to enable activation of Neel and Brawn mechanisms to achieve temperature 43-450C. On the next stage based on test material, for the first time in Georgia hyperthermia antitumor monotherapeutic effect and adjuvant action in tumor polychemiotherapeutic treatment was presented with the help of device “Lezi” designed by us. The experiments proved that in all three animals (white mice of three months) tumor growth cessation was observed and animals developed intratumor necrosis. Disease ulcerization was visually observed after 7 and 10 sessions which point the positive result of tests. Fig. 8, Tab. 2, Ref. 42.

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12.D4.4. Pharmacy business development in Tbilisi province (1846-1920). /M. Nebieridze, R. Skhiladze/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 13-20. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

In 1811,Tbilisi Province included Tbilisi, Telavi, Signagi, Gori and Ananuri districts and Borchalo, Shamshadilipi and Kazakh stations of Elizabethpole Region. The existence of medical culture in Georgia is confirmed in historical materials: “Ustsoro Karabadini”, “Tsigni Saakimo”, “Medical Book” of Zaza Tsitsishvili‐Panaskerteli and “Iadigar Daudi” of David Bagrationi. The first pharmacy in the world was opened in Arabia in 754, in Russia ‐ in 1581. In 1740 the catholic missioners opened the first pharmacy in Georgia called “Tsamalt Khani” (house of medicine) In 1806 the first government pharmacy was opened in Tbilisi and in 1829 there was opened the first free trade pharmacy and the second one was opened in 1853. In 1862 the free trade pharmacy was opened in c. Akhaltsikhe. In 1863 there were 15 pharmacies in Georgia – 5 in Tbilisi and the others in Akhaltsikhe, Gori, Dusheti, Kutaisi, Sokhumi, Signagi, Ozurgeti, Zugdidi, Batumi, Borchalo. In 1890 the pharmacy was opened in Velistsikhe. In 1891 there already were 67 pharmacies in Georgia. 39 of them were in the cities and 28 were in the villages. At the beginning of the XX century there already were 31 pharmacies and 4 pharmacy shops‐storehouses in Tbilisi. Tab. 1, Ref. 38.

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12.D4.5. Perspectives of using natural and synthetic chromophores in painting and plique-a-jour technique. /S. Sanadze, G. Gaprindashvili/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 21-26. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Natural and synthetic chromophores (pigments) used in painting and enameling are considered. The methods of their synthesis are discussed, precious stones and metals used for decoration of high quality art work are described. Tab. 1, Ref. 6.

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12.D4.6. Decorative glass enamels for household wares and their industrial tests. /O. Shalygina, I. Berdzenishvili/. Ceramics. – 2012. – N1(27). – pp. 33-37. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng.

Modern trends in the technology of enameling of domestic stove details are discussed. New low-melting dark-colored glass enamels for directon enameling technology are devepoled. Suggested covers fully meet the technological parameters of enamel electrostatic application technology, providing high quality and modern design of household wares. The results of industrial tests at the enterprise "Greta" are reviewed. Fig. 3, Tab. 1, Ref. 6.

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12.D4.7. The muzeum of the deposits of Georgian Technical University. /M. Tabatadze, N. Japaridze/. Mining Journal. – 2012. – N2(29). – pp. 91-94. – geo.; abs.: rus., eng.

The museum of the ore deposits together with the department of applied Geology was founded by K. Gabunia at Georgian Technical University in 1920s. The museum presents wide range of ore and non-metallic mineral samples from Georgian ore deposits as well as the world known locations. Some samples from the museum were presented in 2001-2002, in Germany on the international exhibition “Georgia- Treasure from the Country of the Golden Fleece”. High definition photos of our exhibits were included in the colored catalogue printed in Germany. The museum received an official letter of gratitude from the hosts of the exhibition for participation. The museum is important as a cognitive educational unit as well as interesting for potential investors who often visit the site. Fig. 5, Ref. 1.

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12.D4.8. Biometric system of voting. /A. Prangishvili, L. Imnaishvili, M. Bedineishvili, G. Dzneladze/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century, Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 106-114. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper presents a biometric management model for voting process. There are two kinds of biometric system architecture and their comparative analyses. An electoral system for local destination, which uses biometric identification of voters on a registration stage, but voting process is free and occurs by using electronic bulletins is proposed Some algorithms of system functioning are discussed. Fig. 7, Ref. 5.

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12.D4.9. Analysis of efficiency of investment projects. /A. Gabelaia/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.II. – pp. 139-142. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The main tool of the analysis of efficiency of investment projects is discounting of the related cash flows, while main criterion of efficiency of the project the size of the net present value of these streams (NPV). Thus, as a defining factor of such analysis the rate of discounting (capitalization) of the project, representing the rate of discount corrected taking into account risk is considered. Considerable indicator of efficiency of investment projects is the internal rate of return (IRR) of the profitability calculated connected with the solution of the equation of high degree. In work the method of its calculation on the basis of known computer system Matlab is offered and possibilities of practical application of this method are shown. Fig. 3, Ref. 3.

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12.D4.10. Business engineering: progress. /M. Gvelesiani/. Basic Paradigms in Science and Technology Development for the 21^st Century. Trans., Int. Sci. Conference. Tbilisi. 19-21 Jun. – 2012. – v.I. – pp. 79-85. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.

The paper represents business engineering as a method for building modern business that requires joint efforts of different professionals. It also requires adequate changes in training personnel in order to set their activity as a common object to achieve in the process of learning. A process method of management is determined as a single approach oriented on final product, in which separated processes with their sub-goals are subject to the final goal. We would like to underline that marketing and business-engineering disciplines intercross each other, and that marketing development provided origin of business-engineering. Ref. 2.

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12.D4.11. The estimation of the Black Sea ecological problems by using computer programs and database. /N. Dudai, G. Gavardashvili, Ts. Mirtskhulava, M. Ben Hur/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp.17-21. – rus.; abs.: eng., geo.

To estimate the ecological problems of the Black Sea the results of joint use of a statistical order of field researches and computer programs are considered. A short description of computer programs (MIKADO, NEMO, ODV and DIVA) and the possibilities of their use are presented. Fig. 5, Ref. 4.

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12.D4.12. Controlling soil erosion by narrow strips of Vetiveria Zizaniodes – an Israel-Georgia Project. /N. Dudai, G. Gavardashvili, Ts. Mirtskhoulava, M. Ben-Hur/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 54-64. – eng.; abs.: geo., rus.

The article presents the results of a research carried out implemented in Israel and Georgia by the example of plant Vetiveria zizanioides, using narrow strips for the purpose of soil erosion control. Fig. 11, Ref. 20.

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12.D4.13. Method for determining the real value of the swelling parameters of clay soils. /T. Tevzadze, I. Iremashvili, Sh. Cheishvili, P. Lortkipanidze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute.– 2012. – N67. – pp. 79-83. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The article presents a method of calculating the actual values of the parameters of swelling of clay soils, which in contrast to the existing standards, are based on the calculation of the deformation of the mineral particles of the soil skeleton. Fig. 3, Tab. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.D4.14. Technology of producing a multipurpose soil improver by modification of bentonite. /l. Itriashvili, Kh. Kiknadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 116-120. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The physico-mechanical mechanism of bentonite modification by interaction of bentonite suspensions and polymeric soap solutions, their qualitative and quantitative components are discussed. Technological conditions for production of a new multipurpose polymineral composite and its basic characteristics are given. Tab. 3, Ref. 2.

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12.D4.15. Management of soil properties using a polycomplex. /l. Itriashvili, Kh. Kiknadze, E. Khosroshvili, M. Shavlakadze, K.Dadiani/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp.121-127. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The mechanism of action of a polycomplex on soils and the resultant changes of their main characteristics are discussed. Fig. 3, Tab. 6, Ref. 2.

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12.D4.16. Power transmission on long distances using hydrogen. /K. Kamkamidze, I. Gabrichidze, E. Gvaramia/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 128-130. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The prospects for the transition to hydrogen technology are discussed; it is shown that ecologically clean products must be correctly used in power engineering. It is noted that energy transfer losses by using electro energetic system are much more than when natural gas and hydrogen systems. Are shown is the advantage of flexibility at changes in the gas network in comparison with the electric network. Hydrogen accumulation is identified with the power accumulation and presence of water reservoirs. Fig. 1, Tab. 1, Ref. 4.

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12.D4.17. Calculation of triangular truss by golden section method. /R. Tsxvedadze, G. Kifiani, D. Tabatadze/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 209-212. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

Discussed is a triangular truss, on which a P force is applied and the calculation results is given by a table for different locations of D node od DC strut: DC is a median of AB hypotenuse; (i.e. AD=Bd=0.5); DC is a bisectrix of <ABC, (i.e. j=45°); DC is a rectangle of AB, (i.e. j+a=90°), D is in node of golden section (i.e. tgj=1.618tga). The design of structures using the “gold section” gives an optimal variant of stressed condition of structures. Fig. 3, Ref. 2.

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12.D4.18. Restoration of damaged elastic shell type structures with discrete attached ribs. /G. Kipiani, G. akhalaia, V. Beridze, G. Gegenava/. Proceedings of the Water Management Institute. – 2012. – N67. – pp. 221-225. – geo.; abs.: eng., rus.

The calculation method of ribbed shells under conditions of non-linear deformation that gives the possibility to define with equal accuracy stresses and moments in continual area as well as in adjacent of ribs is developed. Fig. 2, Ref. 6.

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12.D4.19. Part of E-commerce in aviation bisiness. /I. Sukhitashvili, M. Sukhitashvili, A. Mamedov/. Air Transport. 2012. – #1(7). – pp. 49-57. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.

The air transportation in the world initially became the very first consumer of advantages of "e-commerce” and, now, “online” sale of air tickets makes the greatest share of all sales of the products made online. However, sale of air tickets through the Internet has both positive aspects, allowing airline to receive additional incomes and to reduce expenses, and negative aspects – problems of the control and management of incomes of sales of the aviation product. For high-grade use of advantages of the Internet, airline should use such levers as computerized revenue management system and electronic distribution system that will allow to get big profit and benefit from the use of new high technologies and to avoid potential risks. Besides, applying programs of electronic commerce in the organizations of logistics processes, air carriers can essentially reduce as time of unproductive idle time of air courts for the earth, and to avoid financial losses.

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CONTENTS

C4. Mining. Metallurgy. Chemical Industry