4.1 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Agriculture
Forestry
Fishery
Soil science
Horticulture, viticulture
Agronomy, plant breeding and protection
Animal and dairy science
Husbandry
4. 4 Agricultural biotechnology
Agriculture and food biotechnologies
GM technology, livestock cloning,
marker assisted selection, diagnostics
Biomass feedstock production
technologies, biopharming
b18.4.0.1.
The
fundumanetals of agrarian sciences in Georgia: development and future vision. /G. Aleksidze, G. Japaridze, O. Keshelashvili/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 4-14. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The history of higher
education development in Georgia goes back to the third and the fourth
centuries AD when a School of Rhetoric, a popular education centre in the
Mediterranean region was established in which many foreigners came to get
higher education. In the beginning of the 12th century, the first
Georgian Academy was established as a logical continuation of the antic period
traditions and as a centre for development of renaissance ideology. It has
become known that agrarian sciences were also taught in those centres. The
existed lifestyle urged Georgians to develop both theory and practice of
agriculture. Educational centres functioning in different parts of Georgia
became a solid foundation for opening Tbilisi State University in 1918. In
1929, a Department of Agronomy was detached from Tbilisi State University and
was established as an independent Georgian Institute of Agriculture – a study
and research centre. Such wide-range activities prepared a solid foundation for
establishment of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia which was
staffed by the representatives of Georgian Agrarian Institute and
scientific-research organizations. A long, important and eminent progress of
Georgian agricultural sciences played a decisive role in development of
agrarian field, defined its structure, technology, production and resource
potential, and gradually raised the level of agricultural product. Since the
1930s till present, the role of the agrarian sciences in successful expansion
of agrarian industry has become evident and it has been defined as a necessary
pre-condition for sustainable development of the field. Georgian Scientists
contribution in the growth of agriculture is huge, namely they worked on: new
hybrid breeds of animals, progressive methods of agriculture zone technologies;
soil treatment, fertilizing, development of agrochemical maps, pest management,
fight against plant diseases, development of modern technologies and machinery,
effective utilization of water resources, drying of Kolkheti lowlands and its
utilization for agriculture, which, ultimately became a foundation for
development of the scientifically proven unified system of directing and
management of agriculture in this area. The article focuses on the new
perspectives and challenges the Academy faces in the 21st century. The researchers
should concentrate on theoretical as well as applied researches considering new
technological approaches; scientifically proven recommendations addressed
towards sustainable development of agro biodiversity. The directions worked out
by the researchers should be based on zone differential approaches supported by
the information technology schemes applicable in different scenarios. The
article stresses a significance of creation of ecologically pure product; for
this purpose it is necessary to work on technological and
economic-organizational problems the effective solution of which will make the
ecologically pure production safe and will be in correspondence with local as
well as international market demands. The article defines scientific priorities
according to the major fields of Georgian agriculture. Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.0.2.
Cooperation of ICARDA for production of
pulse
plants in Georgia. /P. Vacheishvili, L.
Tkemaladze, N. Kakabadze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 29-32. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article discusses the importance of leguminous
plants. They are rich in proteins and amino acids. They are used in cattle
breeding both as a feed and as human food. The article discusses the variety of
products produced from pulses, outlines their wholesome qualities, as well as
their profitability in raising soil fertility. The author presents a table
showing when, how many samples and which crops were introduced by the
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). As a
result of close cooperation with them, a new variety of chickpea “Eleksiri” and
a new variety of lentil “Pablo” were registered in 2005. In 2011, another new
variety of chickpea “Aragvi” and a variety of lentil “Tsilkani” were
registered. The varieties, which differ by their bio-morphological and
agricultural characteristics from the previous varieties, have been received by
the individual selection method. Nowadays, new forms and hybrids have been
produced and are under study at the Scientific Research Center for Agriculture
in Tsilkani. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.0.3. Requirements of the European Union and challenges
of Georgian farms. /T. Chkheidze/.
Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). – pp.
52-57. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
issues of agriculture and rural development occupy a significant part in the European Neighbourhood
Programme for
Agriculture and Rural
Development – ENPARD Georgia.
The government welcomes the EU's proposed initiatives and tries to achieve
coherence of activities. For harmonizing local farms
with the EU recommendations the author considers it
appropriate to approve the status of Georgia's farmers and to introduce a law on farmers in order differentiate
between an entrepreneurial farmer, or agro-entrepreneur, and an individual
entrepreneur, or urban entrepreneur. Ref. 8.
Auth.
18.4.0.4. Land market in Georgia and world experience. /L. Zivzivadze/. Business-Engineering. – 2017. – #1-2. – pp. 140-141. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
This paper shows
the land market development tendencies in Georgia. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the world experience in land market development. The
key challenges in Georgia highlighted in the paper are – highly fragmented
land, registration of fragmented land and using the land for business purposes.
Agricultural cooperation is the way out to solve the key challenges in Georgia.
Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.0.5. Urbanization and
agrarian revolution.
/K. Salukvadze, T. Bidzinashvili, N. Kopaliani/.
Business-Engineering. – 2016. –
#1-2. – pp. 200-203. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with
the distribution of the urban population factors that are associated with the
demographic ratio and represented by a simple equation, which indicates how the
two components cause a change in the speed of growth of the population to
participate in urban and rural areas and other geographical areas. Urbanization
is taking place in today’s developing countries with high natural growth. The
natural increase in the urban population is the principal cause of migration
from villages to cities and still plays an important role. While natural growth
in rural as well as urban population growth has contributed to the
industrialization of the domestic migration was clearly directed towards the
urban. From village to city migration has become a major driving force,
resulting in the city›s population growth rate to accelerate in the village of
comparison. We discuss the conceptual model, with the aim of the developed regions
of the urban population concentration of the deciding factors to determine and
compare it to the present situation, which takes place in the less developed
regions where the urbanization pace being. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.0.6. The basic tendencies
and challenges of agriculture in Georgia.
/L. Zivzivadze/. Business-Engineering.
– 2016. – #4. – pp. 59-61.
– geo.; abs.: eng.
This study shows the key agricultural tendencies and challenges in Georgia. Initially, it is concentrated on the
2015-2020 strategy agriculture
development of Georgia
and its key strategy
directions. Secondly, it is focuses
on trade regimes,
agro export/import/trade balance and its analysis. Fig.
2, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b4.1
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Agriculture
b18.4.1.1. The wheat
production strategy and its role in the state independence of Georgia. /L. Ujmajuridze, Ts. Samadashvili, G. Chkhutiashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 10-13. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
In Georgia, which among other
countries of the world differs in a high specific endemism and polymorphism
were developed numerous variety-populations of soft wheat, hard wheat and Dika.
From the point of view of practical breeding they are characterized by valuable
and unique signs and properties: 1. Short and stable stem; 2. Resistance to
diseases; 3. Quick development of a plant; 4. Recovery (regeneration) of
fertility; 5. Falling resistance of matured grains; 6. Easy thrashing of
grains; 7. The increased content of proteins and irreplaceable amino acids in
grains; 8. Large grains; 9. High quality of grain grinding and bread baking;
10. Long ears; 11. Wide leaves of a plant; 12. Big ears; 13.
Early ripeness; 14. The gene causing long-term storage of the baked bread. In
Georgia it is necessary to develop strategy of providing the country with grain
and to increase wheat acreage for as much as possible to raise a grain yield.
The carried-out analysis shows that in order to make grain production
profitable for our farmers, along with the healthy, certified and zoned seeding
material, it is necessary to use intensive technologies everywhere. Strong
sides of production of wheat in Georgia are: 1. Climatic conditions; 2.
Market/requirement availability; 3. Free areas; 4. Tradition of wheat
cultivation. Unfortunately today production of wheat has also weak sides: 1.
Deficit of high-quality seeding material; 2. Lack of system of selection seed
farming; 3. Low productivity; 4. The scattered sites; 5. Inaccessibility of
modern technologies; 6. Non-compliance with agroterms; 7. Inaccessibility of
postharvest technologies and infrastructure; 8. Disorder of preliminary
contacts system between farmers and buyers. The correct strategy of production
of grain will provide: partial import substitution; increase in productivity;
production of high-quality products; increase in acreage; increase in
consciousness and level of knowledge of farmers. Ref. 11.
Auth.
b18.4.1.2. Importance of
engineering support of agricultural technological
processes in realization of normative results. /B. Basilashvili, I. Lagvilava,
R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin
of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 82-85. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Practical experience of the world's
agricultural production indicates that to increase and maintain in the industry
the level of mechanization the full realization of modern achievements of
science and technology that improve the production operation of the machine and
tractor units is necessary. In connection with the increased role of machines
in agricultural production and the complication of the tasks facing the rural
engineering service it is becoming increasingly clear that further progress in
the organization of production would only be achieved on the basis of
comprehensive application by the engineering and technical personnel of
agricultural departments of modern scientific achievements. Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.3. The importance of agricultural machinery maintenance in the common service systems of its application. /B. Basilashvili, I. Lagvilava, R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 86-89. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The agricultural machinery
maintenance, its types and methods, also the principal elements of the engine
yard and vehicle platform are considered. The characteristic feature of
agricultural machinery maintenance is its application seasonality, the impact
upon it of atmospheric factors and aggressive environment (fertilizers,
pesticide, etc.). The maintenance of agricultural machinery enables to reduce
the adverse impact of atmospheric precipitates and aggressive environmental
substances and increase the service life of machinery. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.4. Definition of
nomenclature and number of machinery necessary for production of agricultural crops based on the energy consumption of
technological processes. /E. Shapakidze,
G. Chitaia, G. Mosashvili, R. Japaridze/. Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 90-97. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The article deals with the
definition of and number agricultural machinery necessary for growing agricultural
production, taking into account the specific land area, its slope, type of
operation, annual or perennial crops and other parameters given their energy
consumption. Tab. 3, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.5. Increase
of the export potential of strategic crops’ harvest by optimizing the
irrigation technology. /V.
Nanitashvili/.
Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 98-104. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The question of irrigation of tea
and citrus crops is discussed as a significant guarantee for achieving high and
quality harverst oriented targeted to export production growth. Diagrams, main units
and principles of operation of the tea and citrus plantations irrigation
water-sprinklers, as well as the engineering data and irrigation technology are
given. Fig. 5, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.6. Underground
waters for irrigation (after the example
of Marneuli region and Gareji desert). /N. Rcheulishvili,
N. Enukidze, D. Melashvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 68-75. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
It is possible to
create autonomous irrigation systems on the basis of demineralization of
high-mineralized underground waters. In Marneuli region, which is an
intensively developed agro-industrial area, intensification of producing
agro-cultural products is mainly impeded by unirrigated territories. On the basis
of the hydro geology surveys carried out in the region there were found areas,
in which points of water supply are located. By development of their resources
using reverse osmosis method of water treatment, after
demineralization-conditioning, it is possible to create autonomous irrigation
systems. Productivity of an individual irrigation system will be defined by the
exploitation resource of a concrete point of water supply. Water management
will be achieved by implementing of modern, economic technologies of
irrigation. By the analogous approach on the basis of the points of
high-mineralized water supply of Gareji desert it is planned to implement
irrigation systems of limited productivity on the practically unirrigated
territories. Practical realization of the project is connected with solving of
certain contradictory issues. Among them there should be noted specific
complexity of hydro-geologic field researches, optimization of financial
expenditures while implementing the irrigation systems and a problem of
returning of the high-mineralized concentrate produced from desalination of
water into the geological environment. Tab. 4, Fig. 4, Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.7. Basic technical and economic indicators of
agriculture processes and their management methods. /B. Basilashvili, I. Lagvilava, R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 76-79. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Scientific and
technical progress in agriculture determines the level of technical improvement
of applied technological processes of machines and installations, as well as
their effectiveness under specific production conditions that is mainly
estimated by expenditure costs per unit of production. The main costs are those
direct operating costs that are conditioned by the performed work. These are
the depreciation costs, cost for the repair of equipment, their maintenance,
and storage, cost of fuel and lubricants and similar materials, wages of the
maintenance personnel and compensation of auxiliary works. The theoretically
justified, technically proven, professional, efficient and profit-targeted
management determines the final positive results of labor. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.8. Theoretical analysis of angular velocity of mountain
self-propelled chassis upon movement
on slope. /B.
Basilashvili, A. Kobakhidze, I. Lagvilava, R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin of the
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 80-84. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
A specific method of
determining the maximum angle of inclination upon movement on a slope of a
mountain self-propelled chassis is presented. When the speed of movement of the
self-propelled mountain chassis, slope inclination and chassis track are
constant values and only the angle of running the slope is changed, then an
increase in the angle of run causes a decrease in the chassis inclination and
an increase in the angular velocity of inclination. The permissible values of
the angular velocities of chassis inclination on slopes with various inclinations
are defined. When the chassis movement speed and the slope inclination, that is
equal to the chassis inclination, remain the same and only the chassis radius
of turn is changed, then an increase in the radius of turn causes a decrease in
the chassis angular velocity of inclination, and vice versa. Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.9. Quantity
of small-scale mechanization machinery in Adjara and its forecasting by the least-squares
method. /J.
Katsitadze, I. Abuladze, G.Beridze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 85-88. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng. Adjara is one of the
specific mountain regions of Georgia, where the mechanization of cropping is
characterized by peculiarities. The utilization of mobile agricultural
machinery is complicated here and therefore the technical means of small-scale
mechanization, such as tillers, mini-tractors, cultivators, etc. are widely
used. Their number is permanently increasing and an important task is to
provide scientific advice for the prediction of this technology in the future.
By using the least-squares method, the authors have developed a special
methodology and obtained the adequate mathematical model, which allows, on the
basis of statistical information, to calculate the number of small-scale
mechanization machinery for any year as well as in the long run. Through the
usage of the above-mentioned mathematical model, appropriate calculations have
been made and the respective forecasts for the future have been obtained. Tab.
3, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.10. The use of
economic and power
criteria in evaluating
performance
of agricultural hardware. /R. Makharoblidze, E. Shapakidze, G. Chitaia, G.
Mosashvil/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 89-93. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article describes
the evaluation methods for agricultural hardware performance on the basis of
calculation of economic and power criteria. This method is not dependent on the
market conjuncture and makes it possible to carry out an objective assessment
of the work performed. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.11. Accounting for joint action of rain and wind in
construction and agriculture. /L.
Kartvelishvili, L. Megrelidze, N. Dekanozishvili, K. Rokva/. Science and
Technologies. – 2017. – #1(724). – pp. 70-75. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
regularities of distribution of the joint action of rain and wind (so-called
slanting rain) in time and space was calculated for some points of Georgia; the
average number of perennial slanting rains and the warm period of the year and
their distribution through months were determined. Based on the obtained data,
the territorial average monthly distribution of slanting rains was mapped.
Given the slanting rain action intensity, average, moderate and intensive zones
were identified. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.12. Accounting for complex climatic parameters of air temperature
and humidity in agriculture and structural design. /L. Kartvelishvili, L. Megrelidze, K. Rokva/.
Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #2(722). – pp. 53-58. – geo.; abs.: geo.,
eng., rus.
A
complex temperature and humidity
parameter has been identified
for points located in various climatic zones of
Georgia. These data should be considered for assessing
the moisture conditions and agro climatic zoning in agriculture. The accounting
for the temperature and humidity values is also necessary in thermo technical
calculations of protecting structures for residential and public buildings.
These findings are particularly relevant under today's conditions against the
background of global warming. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.13.
Determination of loads generated by knives in the
vegetable raw stock leaf crusher-cutter–roller. /T.
Megrelidze, G. Pirveli, G. Gugulashvili, G. Beruashvili/. Science and
Technologies. – 2016. – #2(722). – pp. 78-82. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
loads arising from the operation of knives in a food and medical vegetable raw
stock leaves crusher-cutter-roller are described. The design formulas of the
axle load, the bending and twisting moments, and longitudinal loads generated
by operation of tandem knives are derived. All the above-mentioned loads should
be taken into account when designing such a machine. Fig. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.14. Restoring the drying efficiency of a working agent of a new drying unit by an innovative method. /T. Megrelidze, G. Pirveli, G. Gugulashvili, G.
Beruashvili, T. Isakadze/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #1(721). – pp.
67-72. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
problem of moistening of air (working agent) in the process of drying is
considered. It is shown that by reducing the working agent’s moisture content
the drying process intensification and improvement of the dried product’s
quality are possible. A new device ensuring the working agent’s moisture
reduction by the refrigerating plant before supply to the drying chamber is
presented. Fig. 1, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.15. Natural grazing
lands of
Tana valley subalpine zone and activities for
their improvement. /I. Sarjveladze,
T. Katcharava, M. Ghirsiashvili/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #1(721).
– pp. 103-106. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
extensive system of overgrazing leads to the degradation of herbage. As a
result, biodiversity of the grazing land is being logically impoverished from
year to year, originate low-harvest and low-quality secondary groups appear,
where greensward and low-grasses resistant to tramping dominate. The
organizational problem of overgrazing needs to be coped with in the shortest
time for the long-term usage of natural grazing lands. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.16.
Georgia’s silkworm breeding - problems, rehabilitation, restoration. /G. Nikoleishvili, E. Shapakidze/. Georgian Academy of
Agricultural
Sciences. Monograph. – 2016. – p. 259. – geo.
The work presents a
complex investigation of the state of the Georgian silkworm
breeding sector beginning from the 50s of the 19th
century up to this day. The authors set a goal to eleborate measures necessary
for rehabilitation of the sector and to define prerequisites for its
implementation. The development of the educational and research activities in
the silkworm breeding sector of Georgia has been considered since
the foundation of the Caucasian Sericulture Station (1887) to be further
transformed into the Georgian Sericulture Scientific-Research Institute. A brief survey of the world silkworm breeding as well as of the state of
mulberry-tree growing in Georgia up to the present is given. Also considered
are the issues of sericulture and mulberry-tree growing mechanization and
multipurpose use of mulberry-tree plantations. Fig. 56, Tab. 28, Ref. 34.
Auth.
b18.4.1.17. The
features of calculating hydrological characteristics upon design of reclamation systems and constructions on the territory of
Belarus. /O.
Meshik, T. Zubristkaia/. Collected papers of Institute of Water Management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 94-104. – rus.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The article discusses
some difficulties in hydrological computations necessary for designing
reclamation
structures and systems. The hydrometric observation data are the main
computation method applied throughout Belarus. It
involves
such hydrographic characteristics of watersheds as
woodiness, swampiness, lakes, etc. The reliability of the hydrographic
characteristics is questionable because they have a changeable nature for the
recent
decades. Taking into account different variants of changes in
hydrographic characteristics, the corresponding
forecast of runoff modules was received. Maps of
runoff modules were developed to design melioration
projects. They include maps for spring freshets and
rain floods, pre-sowing and mean base flow runoffs.
Tab.5, Fig. 6, Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.18. Irrigation
furrow cutting by a
furrower of
the latest desing. /V. Samkharadze/. Collected papers of Institute of Water Management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 114-116. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
90% of the irrigated
lands of Georgia are watered by strip irrigation despite the fact that
it is less efficient than the sprinkler irrigation.
The irrigation furrow is cut by plough furrowers. The furrow is shaped by
digging and dragging which leads to rupture of the furrow wall and bottom. Soil
filtration is at maximum in the ruptured furrow, resulting in the subsequent
soil flooding over 5-10 meters. In addition, even the slightest motion
of water
flow sets in motion small torn off soil particles, contributing thus water
erosion. The proposed new roller furrower relies on a new
technology
in furrow-cutting and compacting. The furrower will go far into the soil by
gravity
and under tractor hydraulics pressure, leaving behind
triangular compacted furrows. The degree of soil
compaction is so small that no impervious screen is formed. The furrow walls
are stable with no ruptures, increasing thus the furrow length and
ruling out flooding, with ensuring decrease in water erosion and prolongation
of furrow
service life. Fig. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.19. Derivation of atmospheric precipitation from the soil surface by
a combined drainage. /V. Shurghaia, L.
Kekelishvili, Kh. Kiknadze/. Collected papers of institute of water
management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 128-132. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The article deals with
the calculation procedure of practical filtration for the upper tier of
combined drainage, which is water-proof. This type of drainage may be used for
protecting productive soils from waterlogging by atmospheric precipitation. To increase
the drainage efficiency, the conduct of measures for rising water permeability
in the upper half-meter soil layer is required. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.4.1.20. Biogas plants designed for individual farms. /Z. Megrelishvili, M.
Loria, D. Chkhaidze, L. Gobadze, B. Khutsishvili/. Georgian Engineering News
(GEN). – 2017. – #1. – pp. 109-114. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
The
paper deals with biogas plants for application in agriculture. It makes
possible to produce a high-quality organic fertilizer along with biogas. The
fertilizer can also be used on individual farms. The recommendations on
building of individual biogas plants are given. Tab. 4, Fig. 3, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.21. On the development of an analytical device for measuring
nitrates in agricultural products. /N. Iashvili, K. Makhashvili, G. Tkemaladze, G.
Kvartskhava, V. Padiurashvili, Z. Jokharidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN).
– 2017. – #1. – pp. 121-124. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The
paper deals with the issues of development of an analytical device for
measuring nitrates in agricultural products. The device is designed not only
for detection of nitrates in agricultural products, but also for express
analysis of the concentration of nitrates in potable water and soil. The
measurement range is from 10 to 999 mg/kg; relative error - no more than 3%.
Power supply: mains or battery. Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.22. A furrowing cultivator and
fertilizer. /T. Modebadze, A. Samadalashvili, A. Lomidze/.
Goni. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 69-74. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper describes a new design of a furrowing
cultivator and fertilizer. It makes possible to cut mini furrows at the edges
of ploughed strips with the application of liquid fertilizer into the soil. The
machine cultivates the soil between strips by means of arrow-type wings. The formulas
presented in this paper allow for calculating the total amount of consumed
liquid fertilizers and yearly norms of ambient temperatures and amount of
precipitations. Fig. 3, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.23. The potato planting machine with the use of
bridging mechanism. /G. Purtskhvanidze, R.
Chabukiani, T. Uriadmkoppeli, I. Danelia/. Goni. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 82-85. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
paper deals
with the agrotechnical requirements of potato planting and
growing, as well as the aggregation scheme of potato planter with a bridging
mechanism, its operating principle and detailed description. Fig. 3, Ref .2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.24. Potato harvester’s design
elements. /G. Purtskhvanidze, R. Chabukiani, T. Uriadmkoppeli, I. Danelia/. Goni.
– 2016. – #4. – pp.
86-88. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper deals with the aggregation scheme of
a potato harvester with a bridging mechanism, its design elements, operation
principle and detailed description. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.25. The effect of a side-slip of a
tractor on slope. /R.
Makharoblidze, I. Lagvilava, B. Basilashvili, R. Khazhomia/. Annals of Agrarian
Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 201-203. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
theoretical analysis of the effect of deviation of wheels during a side-slip of
a tractor on a slope is given. A calculating formula of the lateral downhill
movement of the tractor on the slope, given the slow angle, the tractor’s
weight, the coefficient, the deviation of wheels; the speed of movement, is
derived. Accordingly, some traction and exploitation indices of the tractor
aggregates when operating on the slope are specified. The research results can
be used in designing new mountain tractors. Fig. 1, Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.26. Water resources and ecological problems of Kakheti. /Z. Lomsadze , K.
Makharadze, M. Tsitskishvili, R. Pirtskhalava/. Annals of Agrarian Science. –
2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 204-208. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
article provides an overview of the present-day condition of Kakheti water
resources, one of the important regions of Georgia, and highlights all the
related negative aspects and issues. Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 24.
Auth.
Forestry
b18.4.1.27. Recommendations for
renewal-restoration and management of pine forest plantations in Tbilisi and
its environs. /A.
Shainidze, A. Dzirkvadze, R. Davitadze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 140-144. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The results of registration of dead-wood, withering and
diseased trees in pinewoods planted artificially in Tbilisi and its environs,
as well as causes of disease, sanitary-hygienic condition of pinewood, natural
renewal of wood, have been reviewed and the relevant conclusions are discussed.
Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.28. Specifics of agro technics of cultivation of
cypress (Cupresus sempervirens L). /R. Rukhadze, Z. Giorgaia/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 139-141. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The work presents agro
technics of cultivation of evergreen cypress (Cupresus sempervirens L.) taking into account versatile environment
of Georgia. Its dendrological forestry and economic characteristics are
described in detail. Producing of seeds of the indicated species is also
defined as well as specifics of its use and cultivation agro technics. The
terms of maturing and gathering of fruit and seeds of cypress are: blossoming
time – April, May, fruit maturing time – September, October, and harvesting
time – winter. Its seeds maintain the cropping up ability for two years, the
yield of seeds from cone is 120-140%, the net amount of seeds per 1 kg – 250
000 seeds, and absolute weight – 3-5 g. Seeding norm of this species on 1
longitudinal meter is 10 g. It is monoecious plant. The work also considers
significance of the wood of the studied species in ship construction, furniture
and turnery works, the goals, places and designation of the evergreen cypress
cultivation are widely discussed. Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.29. Windbreaks
importance and schemes for their cultivation in Georgia. /N. Goginashvili, N. Kobakhidze/. Bulletin of the
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 142-145. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article presents
modern and traditional methods of arranging windbreaks, their significance,
structure and composition. It also discusses functions of windbreaks, as well
as species and varieties of plants selected for different conditions of eastern
and western Georgia. Fig. 1, Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.4.1.30. Urban forests and green spaces of Tbilisi and ecological
problems of the city. /T. Patarkalashvili/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. –
v. 15. – #2. – pp. 187-191. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
historical development of Tbilisi urban forests and green areas as well as some
challenges and prospects for the city’s environmental state are considered.
Tab. 5, Fig. 12, Ref. 34.
Auth.
b18.4.1.31. The planning of urban green areas and importance of their
protection in resort cities (case of Georgian resorts). /T. Khoshtaria, N.
Chachava/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 217-223. –
eng.; abs: eng.
The
article discusses the problem of green areas reduction and degradation in
Southern Georgia after the example of three resort cities located in
Samtskhe-Javakheti region. These cities (Akhaltsikhe, Borjomi and Abastumani)
are well known balneological and climatic resorts of Georgia. Within the frames
of this study, the actual conditions of urban green areas and forests adjoining
the tourism and recreational zones are considered by comparing these three
resorts. There cases of the latests natural disasters - heavy rain flows are
analyzed. The protective role of green areas planting for this case is
estimated. For each city concepts of green area planning are worked out
together with the recommendations for sustainable development of urban
landscapes. Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 21.
Auth.
Fisheries
b18.4.1.32. Potency of some drugs against
diseases of fishes. /G. Basiladze, Sh. Potskhveria, E. Kashia, M.
Tsetskhladze/. Bulletin
of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 118-123. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Mass mortality of fish,
especially of fry, is generally caused by infectious and fungous diseases, such
as fibrosis, flavobacteriosis, saprolegniasis, yersiniosis and nematodosis. In
April 2015, in one of the trout farms, where 1.5- and 2.5-month old fry were
dying, two comprehensive treatment tests were carried out. For the treatment of
two experimental groups of fry were used: Diatri-aqua - 50%, Seabit, Florfish -
50%, Aziks plus and Med Liquid (a complex of vitamins A, D3, E, C),
which were given to the fry (whitebaits) together with a forage during 10 days.
The control group of fry was not given the medication. The fry of all the three
groups were under the same conditions. At the end of the experiment the
efficiency of the medications made 96.1-97.9%. The physiological condition of
the treated fry improved and their biomass increased by 0.4-0.6 grams. Tab. 2,
Ref. 5.
Auth.
Soil
science
b18.4.1.33. Restoration and improvement of soil fertility as a basic
condition for food security. /G. Margvelashvili, R. Lolishvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 65-71. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with the problem of
soil degradation in the world and particularly in Georgia, the main reason of
which is its uncontrolled consumption and anti-scientific approach. The authors
present examples of the negative results caused by number of reasons, such as:
uncontrolled plowing, insufficiency in application of organic and mineral
fertilizers, soil erosion caused by water and wind, soil contamination by plant
protection and other chemicals. Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.34. Theoretical bases for enhancing perennial crop farming. /J.
Oniani/. Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 72-75. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Based on analysis of the sixty-year
long field, vegetation, miniature, lysimetric and laboratory research,
completely new theories for recovery, improvement and regulation of the
degraded soil under perennial crops are developed. The optimal planting depth
of soil is defined by: the humus layer thickness, its fertility, the properties
of lower layers of soil and the characteristics of the root system arrangement
of the perennial crops; given the perennial crops’ cultivation specifics under
conditions of present-day machinery and technologies, the conduct of land
treatment ascribes the major role among soil-forming factors to the man-made
one. The article lists the recommendations to be introduced in production that
are to be estimated based on crop capacity, quality characteristics of the
obtained product and changes in the soil characteristics. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.35. A comparative economic analysis of
intensive tillage and mini-till technologies of soil under wheat. /O. Karchava, M. Benashvili, Sh. Tsukoshvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 76-81. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article establishes the basic
priorities for mini-till of wheat production compared with intensive
technologies on the basis of economic analysis conducted by the chronometry of
observations in different regions of wheat production. On the selected demo
plots in Dedoplistskaro, Marneuli and Akhalkalaki regions the mini-till and
intensive tillage technologies were popular, their technological adapters were
developed; the energy and production costs for the production of wheat by both
technologies were calculated. The results show that the yield is not
significantly changed. At that, the specific energy and production costs as
well as the period of vegetation, soil compaction and erosion phenomena are
significantly reduced, Tab. 3, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.36. Soil fertility control systems for increasing fruit crop soil
fertility. /J.
Oniani/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 59-63. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
As a result of a
sixty-year vegetative, miniature, field and laboratory research – control
systems for increasing fertility of a degraded fruit crop soil were developed.
Realization of these systems and rotations as described continue until the
rooting out of plants. Their thorough realization results in: increased soil
fertility, increased harvest, balancing humus composition, substituting crop
rotation, replacement of nitrogen fertilizers by biogenic nitrogen, reduction
in the use of organic fertilizers and decrease of chlorotic diseases,
procreation of fruit crops without rest of the soil. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.37. Soil fertility control systems. /J. Oniani/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 64-67. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
A sixty-year field, lysimetric, vegetation,
miniature
and laboratory research has shown: 1. The rational use of grape tolerant grass
restores the fertility of the amortized vineyard soil to the level of
uncultivated soil; 2. Plantation of the restored fertility and all types of soil
is carried out in accordance to the properties of the soil, subsoil and the
development characteristics of the root system of the seedlings at the depths
of 40-50-60-70-90 and 100cm, in the phase of physical maturity; 3. Deep tillage
at 20-40cm distance from the vineyard lanes in 12-year intervals, clean cutting
of the roots and introduction of PK resources during the tillage along the
whole depth of the plantation, boosts root regeneration, growth and development
of the vine, improves the properties of soil and increases yield; 4. A thorough
implementation of the given systems of degraded fertility and degraded soils
improves soil fertility, quality of the obtained product, increases yield,
successfully replaces the use of the nitrogen fertilizers with biogenic
nitrogen, limits the spread of chlorotic diseases and rot and guarantees the
vineyard restoration without rest of soil. Ref.
4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.38. Poti waterlogged soil fertility
research for chemical reclamation purpose.
/M. Shavlakadze, K.
Dadiani, L. Maisaia, T. Supatashvili/. Collected papers of institute of water
management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 126-127. – geo.; abs.: geo.,
eng., rus.
The paper considers an
agrochemical analysis of waterlogged soils of the Kolkheti (Poti,
Georgia) Agricultural-Ecological Experimental Station. The results
suggest that soils need to be chemically reclaimed so that their
fertility is enhanced. Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.39. Calculation
of the
cost-effectiveness of restoration of eroded mountain slopes by using the
geo-mat “Luffaeromat”. /G. Chakhaia, M. Vartanov, L. Tsulukidze, N.
Kvashilava, E. Kechkhoshvili, I. Khubulava, S. Gogilava, I. Kvirkvelia/.
Collected papers of institute of water management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 133-136. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The cost-effectiveness
of a modern anti-soil erosion method for restoring eroded slopes and
cultivating a perennial crop (hazelnut plantation) on them – by using the
geo-mat “Luffaeromat” is determined. The costs of the work to be carried out
and the income to be gained from using the geo-mat “Luffaeromat” are calculated
for a 20-year period (2017-2036). In this case, the income per ha discounted
for 2036 makes GEL 117 610. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.40. The
nutrient substances withdrawn from soil by kernels, straw and
total biomass of “Ajameti Tetri” maize variety under
conditions of Shida Kartli (Mukhrani) irrigation system. /O. Kharaishvili, N.
Mebonia, Q. Rokva, L. Baidauri, M. Lomishvili, M. Kikabidze/. Collected papers of institute of water
management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 145-150. – geo.; abs.: geo.,
eng., rus.
It has been established
that different irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates render
a definite impact on the withdrawal of nutrient substance by plant from soil. The amount of nitrogen withdrawn by each
centner (100 kg) of the kernels, straw and total mass of “Ajameti Tetri” maize
is almost the same under every soil humidity conditions and the sum of the
nutrient substances of phosphorus and potassium gradually
increases
with an increase in the soil moisture regime. It has been
justified that the percentage of nitrogen gradually decreases by an increase in
soil moisture, while that of phosphorus and potassium increases.
The actual and formula-determined values, differing by no more than 10%
are proposed. Tab. 3, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.41. Laboratory
examination
of modern anti-soil erosion geo mat made
of natural material. /I. Khubulava/. Collected papers of Institute of Water Management. – 2016. – #71. – pp. 154-159. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The work presents a
laboratory examination of a modern anti-soil erosion geo-mat “Luffaeromat” made
of a natural material, which aims at determining efficiency of the mentioned
geo-mat. In the framework of the examinations, observations on the air
temperature and humidity in the laboratory, also on the temperature, humidity, pH
and the light wavelength of the soil placed in a test box were
carried
out. Watering took place taking into account the water requirement of
the plant.
The plant’s apical growth was measured by a two-day interval. The time
dependence of the average values of the above data was also
identified. The laboratory examination of the geo-mat “Luffaeromat” showed it
to be effective and real measure for stabilizing and restoring
biodiversity
of the vulnerable slopes. Tab. 1, Fig. 9, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.42. Study of a long-term toxic impact of Ni on the thermo stability of soil
bacterial cell culture Arthrobacter
oxydans /V.Sokhadze,
E. Namchevadze, E.Kiziria, L.Tabatadze, L Lejava, Sh. Gogichaishvili, G.
Tvauri, M. Abuladze/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp.
169-176. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
study aims to analyze the time-dependent development of Ni toxic effect on the bacterial cell culture Arthrobacter
oxydans, supposed to have high potential for heavy metals detoxification.
The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was applied for the rapid
assessment of toxic impacts on bacterial cells on the basis of the changes of
their thermo stability. The total melting specific heat of bacterial cells
altered in accordance with the growth phases of the culture. We propose to use
the bacterial cell culture at the stationary growth phase, characterized by
high reproducibility of the melting profile, for rapid and correct detection of
the toxic effect. The implementation of the differential scanning calorimetry
method to the study of Ni toxic
effect demonstrated the concentration and time-dependent development of cell
stress response and detected the early initial changes of the thermo grams,
especially in the temperature region of DNA-protein melting. The major changes
of the thermo grams have been developed during the first two hour of Ni
administration to the growth medium, possibly reflecting the stress-response
alterations in gene expression and protein activity. The classical viability
assays were not able to determine the toxic effect for the studied bacterial
cells at that time point. The similar character of the metal toxic impact on
the thermo stability of the Staphylococcus epidermidis cell culture had
been detected as well, despite the different general melting profile. The obtained data contribute to a better understanding of
bacteria-metal interaction and could be applied to the bacteria stress-response
studies. Tab.
1, Fig. 6, Ref. 42.
Auth.
b18.4.1.43. Physical properties of soils in Georgia. /L. Jorbenadze , Teo
Urushadze, T. Urushadze, I. Kunchulia/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v.
15. – #2. – pp. 224-234. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
article generalizes such properties of Georgian soils as water permeability,
bulk density, particle density, total porosity, capillary porosity,
non-capillary porosity, capillary water capacity, saturation water content,
field capacity, permanent wilting point, hydroscopic water content, productive
water, and pores with air. These properties were determined in main types of
soil of Georgia: red (Ferralic Nitisols,
Haplic Nitisols), yellow (Ferric
Luvisols), boggy (Dystric Gleysols,
Eutric Gleysols, Histosols), Yellow Yellow podzolicic (Stagnic Acrisols,
Ferric Acrisols), yellow brown forest (Stagnic
Luvisols, Mollic Luvisols, Humic Luvisols, Ferric Luvisols), brown forest (Humic Cambisols, Ferric Cambisols, Eutric
Cambisols, Dystric Cambisols), raw carbonate (Rendzic Leptosols), grey cinnamonic (Calcic Kastanozems, Vertic Kastanozems), meadow grey cinnamonic (Haplic Kastanozems, Gleyic Kastanozems,
Vertic Kastanozems), cinnamonic (Chromic
Cambisols, Calcaric Cambisols, Humic Cambisols, Eutric Cambisols), meadow cinnamonic
(Chromic Cambisols, Calcaric Cambisols,
Gleyic Cambisols, Eutric Cambisols), black (Haplic Vertisols), chernozems (Voronic
Chernozems, Calcaric Chernozems), mountain meadow (Hyperdistric Umbrisols), saline soils (Vetric Solonchaks, Mollic Solonetz), alluvial (Gleyic Fluvisols, Eurtic Fluvisos, Dystric Fluvisols). Tab. 1, Ref.
75.
Auth.
b18.4.1.44. Determination of Cu, Zn and Cd in soil, water and food
products in the vicinity of RMG Gold and Copper Mine, Kazreti, Georgia. /G. Avkopashvili, M. Avkopashvili,
Al. Gongadze, M. Tsulukidze, E. Shengelia/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017.
– v. 15. – #2. – pp. 269-272. – eng; abs: eng.
The
functioning of polymetallic factories considerably damages the environment. The
operation of RMG Gold and Copper Mine in the SE part of Georgia causes severe
ecological problems in the region. It is vital that monitoring near the areas
where industrial activities are underway is to be conducted. The study is aimed
at eco-monitoring of Bolnisi municipality, Georgia. The conducted monitoring
concerned the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) in the “water-soil-plant”
system in the Kazreti (Madneuli) villages (Balichi, Ratevani, Nakhiduri,
Khidiskuri). According to the obtained results, the content of heavy metals in
soil is much higher than the permissible concentration. In spite of this, the
content of Cu and Zn in the plants grown on this soil does not exceed the
allowed concentration limit; the content of Cd content was not identified. The
following plants were studied: green bean, mushrooms, green walnut, green
pepper, cucumber, cherry, potato, tomato, walnut, garlic, dry bean and maize.
The water of the Kazretula and Mashavera Rivers was analyzed. Tab. 3, Fig. 3,
Ref. 16.
Auth.
Horticulture, viniculture
b18.4.1.45. Dog rose /Rosa canina L/ farming peculiarities and its medical properties. /R. Rukhadze, Z. Giorgaia/. Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 39-41. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The peculiarities of cultivation of the studied species – dog rose
/Rosa canina L./ are presented
together with its dendrological, forest, economic and medical properties. Ref.
8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.46. Condition
and rehabilitation
prospects of citrus plantations. /N. Khalvashi, A. Meskhidze, D. Baratashvili, N.
Kedelidze/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. – 2017. – #1(34). – pp. 26-38. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with the analysis of the current
condition of citrus breeding which used to be one of the most leading sectors of
agriculture. The research also presents the prospects of citris breeding
development as well as highlights the advantages of the technologies
and actions that are deemed to be necessary to implement the
rehabilitation measures for depreciated citrus plantations. Fig. 5, Ref.
8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.47. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora against the melon aphid (Aphis
gossypii glow., Hemiptera, aphididae). /N. Mikaia/.
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2017. – v. 11. – #1. – pp. 96-101. –
eng.; abs: eng., geo.
This
study was aimed to determine the efficiency of biological control of
entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema
feltiae and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora against the melon aphid (Aphis
gossypii) under laboratory conditions. Prior to conducting a trial on
entomopathogenic nematodes, their cultivation occurred in an incubator at 24-250C
on last-instar large wax moth (Galleria
mellonella) larvae according to a procedure described by Kaya and Stock
(1997). The suspensions obtained as a result of cultivation were kept in a
refrigerator at 4-60C. Acclimation of nematodes proceeded at room
temperature 24-250C. The application of the obtained biomass was
possible after 6-10 hours. For determination of the efficiency of S.feltiae and H.bacteriophora under room temperature at 24-250C and
75% humidity, last instar-imago of the pest was
used for trial. Mortality rate of individuals was determined by Abbott formula.
The trials were conducted on 10 cm Petri dishes. The obtained results have
shown that the nematode S.feltiae is
more effective against A.gossypii than H.bacteriophora and 500 nematode/ml
suspensions mortality depended on time, nematode variety and concentration.
Pest mortality was tested for treatment after 3, 5, 7 days. On the 7th day
after treatment with a nematode suspension 500, 1000, 1500 infective
juveniles/ml of S.feltiae in the
given trial reveal 20, 58 and 78% mortality rate whereas H.bacteriophora 15, 28, and 46% respectively. The obtained results
show that under laboratory conditions the efficiency of S.feltiae and H.bacteriophora
against A.gossypii can be controlled
by S. feltiae rather than H.bacteriophora and therefore, future
study is to be conducted under greenhouse and field conditions. Fig. 6, Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.48.
Evaluation
of promising forms of orange in accordance with fruiting and fruit qualitative indicators. /V. Kobalia/. Novation. – 2016. – #18. – pp. 9-14. – geo.;
abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The
fruiting and fruit qualitative indicators of various forms of orange under
comparatively strict climate conditions of the subtropical zone were studied.
The manifestation parameters of these signs were identified. The work studied
the periods of phonological phases, growing dynamics of vegetative organs,
productivity, fruits mechanical and biochemical composition of the plants under
study. The positive economic signs of some distinguished forms were
established. Two forms are recommended for broad introduction. Tab. 4, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.49. Study of leaves and fruit of cultivated in Georgia gleditschia (Gleditschia L) for quantification of extractive substances. /M. jincharadze, M.Gelovani, Kh.Tsikarishvili, I.Metreveli/.
Business-Engineering. – 2017. –
#1-2. – pp. 146-151. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper deals
with the
study of leaves and fruit of growing in
Georgia gleditschia (Gledischia triacanthas L) for quantification of
extractive substances. The quantitative figures of leaves of the
plant, namely: humidity, total ash,
changed color of the raw
materials (0.5 mm sieve outgoing particles), crushed leaves,
leaves and the
quantity of organic impurities were established. The extractive
substances were
quantified:
a) in the
young leaves of the samples of the plant taken in Tbilisi Botanical Garden in
May; b) in the leaves of the plant taken in Tbilisi
Botanical Garden in June; c) in the flowers of the samples of the plant taken
in Tbilisi Botanical Garden in May; d) in the fruit of the samples of the plant
taken in Tbilisi Botanical Garden in May; e) in the seeds of the samples of the plant taken
in Tbilisi Botanical Garden in November; f) in the young leaves of the samples of the plant
taken in Chokhatauri district in May;
g) in the leaves of the samples of the plant taken in
Chokhatauri district in June; h) in the flowers of the samples of the plant
taken in Chokhatauri district in May; i) in the fruit of the samples of the
plant taken in Chokhatauri district in October; j) in the seeds of the
samples of the plant taken in Chokhatauri district in November.
Tab. 2,
Fig. 3, Ref. 12.
Auth.
b18.4.1.50. Integrated protection
of orchard trees for producing ecologically safe fruits (practical
recommendations). /G. Aleksidze/. Modern technologies to produce
ecologically pure products for sustainable development of agriculture. Int.
Sci. Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September.
–
2016.
– pp. 104-110. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Some
main agrotechnical, mechanical, microbiological, biological, chemical,
biotechnical methods to control pests and diseases in different times of the
year are discussed. Integrated control methods ensuring the production of
ecologically safe fruit are recommended. Ref.
4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.51. Agro-climatic characterization of freezing in Kakheti viticulture
region. /G. Aleksidze, G. Japaridze,
V. Gogitidze, D. Magradze, T. Epitashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 42-44. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper focuses on the impact of
global warming, the ongoing processes in the early spring season and the late
frosts, also it discusses the changes of temperature conditions as a result of
global warming; late ending of autumn vegetation period; acceleration of the
falling of the fractured leaves. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.52. Frost resistant vine varieties and damage reduction
activities in Kakheti region. /G. Aleksidze, G. Japaridze,
V. Gogitidze, D. Magradze, T. Epitashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 45-48. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The paper presents viticulture in
Kakheti region, highlighting comparative frost resistance of some aboriginal
and introduced vine varieties; change in the air temperature indicators
according to years and seasons under global warming conditions. Some farming
activities for reducing the percentage probability of winter frost damages in
vineyards are considered. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.53. Results of ampelographic study of grapevine varieties in the Skra
germplasm repository. /I. Mdinaradze, E. Abashidze, M. Baratashvili,
M. Vibliani, D. Maghradze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 49-52. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The results of ampelographic study for 128
Georgian varieties are presented in this article. The studied varieties are
preserved in the Skra germplasm repository (the FAO code for the collection is
GEO015) and their investigation was done in the period of 2014-2017. The
varieties originated from various regions of Georgia were described by using 45
OIV descriptors. The ampelographic descriptions were used by preparing of
illustrated “Ampelographic catalogues of grape varieties from Skra collection”,
in which 152 varieties are presented. Fig. 3, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.54. Morphology and
structure of grapevine’s hairs - trichomes. /L. Kharitonashvili, N. Shakarishvili, M. Baratashvili, R. Chipashvili, D. Maghradze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 53-56. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with the results of study of
grapevine’s hairs - the trichomes: the morphology and the structure of the 13
Georgian native varieties were investigated. The diversity of the shapes of
trichomes is established; they are simple unicellular, multicellular, conic,
ascending, flat and spiral. The sizes of trichromes and distances between them
are established in the studied varieties. The research demonstrated varietal
differences among the trichomes’ parameters. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 14.
Auth.
b18.4.1.55. Eno-carpological study of Georgian grapevine varieties from Skra
germplasm repository. /E. Abashidze, M. Vibliani, Sh.
Kikilashvili, R. Chipashvili, I. Mdinaradze/. Bulletin
of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 57-64. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Eno-carpological traits were evaluated in
thirty-three Georgian autochthonous grapevine varieties preserved at the Skra
Germplasm repository. The standard phenotyping method proposed by the COST
action FA1003 “East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and
Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding” has been adopted for analyses.
The obtained results showed a significant variability in the carpological and
biochemical characteristics of Georgian grapevine varieties. The total
phenolics for studied varieties varied from 427,7 mg/kg (Mirzaanuli Tetri
(2015)) to 3378.0 mg/kg (Shonuri (2016)). The total antocyianins contents in
colored grapevine varieties varied from 50.0 mg/kg to 2861.2 mg/kg, were the
highest content was found in the variety Shonuri, and the lowest - in the
variety Ghrubela Kartlis. Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.4.1.56. Expanding
areas of viticulture in Georgia – shifting vine species in Kakheti region. /G. Aleksidze, G.
Japaridze, V. Gogitidze, D. Maghradze, T. Epitashvili/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 53-58. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The currently ongoing
and future process of climate change and warming will alter to some extent the
growth and development of vine species in Georgia. It will effect shifting of
the boarders of vine species spreading and of the quality and direction of the
finished product. In accordance with vine demands regarding climate parameters,
the micro-zones are selected for growing of middle and late ripening vine
varieties in the region, which will be used for production of quality wine,
brandy, table grapes and raisins. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.57. Comparative study of Georgian native varieties
of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to downy mildew. /N. Bitsadze, R. Chipashvili, K. Pavliashvili, R. Khazaradze, D.
Maghradze/. Bulletin
of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 102-107. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Different varieties of
European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) are characterized with different
resistance to downy mildew (Plasmoparaviticola). The aim of the work was
to study resistance of 42 Georgian grapevine varieties to disease causing
agent. The assessment of cultivars was made by observation of disease
development in natural conditions (at vineyard) and in the Lab by using leaf
disc artificial inoculation method according OIV descriptor.(OIV452-1) Study of
grapevine varieties shown that the results obtained by both methods were similar
despite minor differences. High resistance under both conditions was
demonstrated by the cultivars: Budeshuri tritely, Tsitsk, Chkhikoura, Kakhis
tetri, Muradouli, Ockhanuri sapere, Kloni, Kesi, Tskobila; very high resistance
was shown by the cultivars: Ojaleshi, Rkatsiteli vardisperi, Tsirkvalis tetri.
Detailed
studies of those varieties will continue. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.58. Peculiarity of determination of vine’s water
requirement. /T. Odilavadze, K.
Bziava, I. Inashvili, A. Davitashvili/.
Hydroengineering.
– 2016. – #1-2(21-22). – pp. 63-68.
– eng.; abs.: eng., geo., rus.
Among
the many natural and climatic factors affecting the dynamic processes of
agricultural crop development a special significance acquires such climate
index, as evapotranspiration (ET). Determining factors of evapotranspiration
for the different climatic conditions are key indicators of water requirement
and its optimal productivity for agricultural crops. For determination of the
vine evapotranspiration was used Blaney-Criddle method according to which with
high accuracy were determined Regulated Deficient Irrigation (RDI) of vine’s
crop. On the basis of the 2013 experiment using the method of L. Williams at
the experimental plot of the Georgian Agrarian University for the vine breed
"Rkatziteli" we identified the crop coefficient (Kc) and respectively
its water requirement during the crop growing season. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.59. Autonomous antihail transformable system for
vineyards. /E. Medzmariashvili, M. Sanikidze, N. Tsignadze, N. Medzmariashvili/. Works of Technical University of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(500). – pp. 102-110.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The article considers
an antihail system that can be used to protect plants, for example vines from
hail, as well as to arrange simple greenhouses. A demonstration pilot model
sesigned and tested under field conditions is presented in this work. The
proposed design makes it possible to unload the device with less time, to
better protect plants against adverse conditions and to reduce the loss that
may result from hailing. Fig. 5, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.60. Integrated protection
of grape against pests and diseases in Georgia. /G. Aleksidze/. Modern technologies to produce ecologically pure
products for sustainable development of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf. Materials.
Tbilisi. – 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 101-104. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
To
protect grape from different pests and diseases, it is necessary to use
chemical, biological, biotechnical, agro technical and other methods. The
article considers integrated pest management system methods as the main
direction in combating different pests and diseases of vine and grape. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.61. Anthocyanins in colored grapes. /E. Gamkrelidze/. Modern technologies to produce ecologically pure products for sustainable
development of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 123-126. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Despite fact that
grape raw materials of colored vine clones and hybrids are rarely used in
natural wine production made by using the red-winemaking technology, the must
obtained from it can be used in the production of special wines, but the
grape-seed and grape skin concentrated extracts with ethanol can be used for
producing preventive and treatment food additives and medications, especially
as the raw material of colored grapes (American and hybrid varieties) contains
much more amount of both mono-glucoside and diglucoside forms of anthocyanins
than the raw material of white and colored grape cultural vine. Tab. 1, Fig. 2,
Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.62. Resistance of grapevine
varieties of Kvemo (Lower) Kartli of Georgia to abiotic factors. /T.
Ortoidze/. Annals
of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 192-194. – eng.; abs: eng.
The paper analyzes relative resistance to abiotic factors of Kvemo (Lower)
Kartli, Georgia grape varieties such as Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Asuretuli
shavi and Tavkveri (Vitis vinifera L.) with chlorophyll
fluorescence method. It is shown that Rkatsiteli and Asuretuli shavi
are distinguished by the highest frost resistance, followed by Saperavi and
Tavkveri. However, Asuretuli shavi is more resistant to spring
frosts. Rkatsiteli reveals more resistance to high temperatures,
followed by Saperavi, Asuretuli shavi and Tavkveri. As for
droughts, the most resistant is Asuretuli shavi, followed by Rkatsiteli,
Saperavi and Tavkveri. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 9.
Auth.
Agronomy
b18.4.1.63. The dynamics of population of the
fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Dr.)
in West Georgia. /A. Maisuradze, L. Gvertsiteli, T. Gogishvili, E. Abashidze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 105-107. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The fall webworm was first registered in West
Georgia in 1976 and soon became one of the most harmful pests there. It is a
polyphage pest attacking more than 600 species of forest, fruit trees and
ornamental plants. As a result of the carried out observation and research, the
dynamic features of its population and the areas of its nuisance intensity are
established. Biological agents, insects and entomopathogenic fungi of the fall
webworm are identified. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.64. Identification of forms resistant to mulberry phytoplasma disease by the coefficient of
resistance. /N. Stepanishvili, I. Megrelishvili, L. Tsigriashvili, I. Chargeishvili/. Bulletin
of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 108-113. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
A direct correlation between the quantity of phloem
cells in a leaf stake and the number of the reaction in cell has been
established; on its basis the resistant forms were identified by means of the
coefficient of resistance - K, which is calculated by the interaction of
quantity of abundant phloem in the mesopetiol of a leaf stake to the indicator
of reaction of cell environment. The mulberry form is considered resistant if
the coefficient of resistance K is more than 1.0. If K is less than 1.0, then
the form is considered susceptible. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.65. Ways of
increasing the number of entomophages in nature. /T. Gogishvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 114-116. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
One of the most effective and
ecologically safe means of decreasing the number of pests and the harm they do
to agricultural plants is to increase the number of entomophages. The ways of
increasing the role of entomophags are given in the work. One of them is sowing
of nectariferous plants (buckwheat, fennel, mustard, rapeseed, parsley,
sunflower, sainfoin, etc.) near crops and plants. The closeness of a forest has
a favorable effect on the number of entomophages. Spraying of chemicals is
known to significantly decrease the number of entomophages. Where pesticides
need to be applied, it shall be carried out in reasonable periods; in
particular, pests should be in sensitive phases (worm, mature phase), whuile
entomophages - in endurable phases (egg, pupa). Tab. 3, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.66. Study of the bark
beetles fauna (coleoptera, ipidae) of the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. /K. Isayeva/. Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 155-159. – rus.; abs.: rus.,
eng.
The results of investigation of the
beetles fauna of southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus is given in the
article. The author provides a checklist of 20 species of bark beetles for this
territory. Two species (Hylesinus
oleiperda Fabricius 1792; Taphrorychus
bicolor Herbst 1793) were recorded firstly for the fauna of Azerbaijan.
Fig. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.67. Influence of a
location on productivity of the Austrian wheat varieties. /L. Ujmajuridze, Ts. Samadashvili, G. Chkhutiashvili, Z. Sikharulidze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 19-26. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
According to 2014-2016 data,
economic and biological indicators of Austrian wheat varieties are
characterized by high variability depending on a location. The productive
tillering in Dedoplistskaro exceeds the same indicator in Akhaltsikhe almost
twice, the average indices were received in Khashuri and Telavi. Ear length
indicators on regions almost didn't differ from each other. The same results
are received on the number of spikelets in an ear. By the number of grains in
an ear differ Dedoplistskaro and Akhaltsikhe regions. By the mass of grains in
one ear the difference between the regions is insignificant. The high rate of
mass of 1000 grains was received in Telavi region. The analysis of indicators
shows that the climatic conditions of Dedoplistskaro and Akhaltsikhe regions
suit the Austrian wheat varieties much better than the conditions of Khashuri
and Telavi regions. In Dedoplistskaro, yield on 1 m2 fluctuates
within 535.0-888.5 g, yield of 50 ears - 88.0-124.0 g, average yield - 5.4-8.9
tons. All varieties exceed the standard in yield. Respectively in Telavi, these
indicators are: 630.0-724.0, 101.0-124.0 and 6.1 -7.2 tons; in Khashuri -
475.5-639.0, 93.0-105.0 g and 4.8-6.4 tons; in Akhaltsikhe - 531.5-783.5,
110.0-130.0 and 5.3-7.8 tons. In Dedoplistskaro the varieties Amandus (8.9
t/hectare), Amikus (8.1t/hectare) and Fidelius (8.1 t/hectare) differ by high
yield; in Telavi - Galus (7.2 t/hectare) and Lukulus (7.0 t/hectare); in
Khashuri - Amandus (6.4 t/hectare); in Akhaltsikhe - Amikus (7.8t/hectare),
Urbanus (7.7t/hectare) and Amandus (7.0 t/hectare); in Telavi and Akhaltsikhe
regions the difference between varieties is insignificant. Influence of a
location is even more obvious on the indicators of separate varieties. Plant
height of variety Amandus on regions fluctuates within 70.6-81.3 cm, productive
tillering 2.2-8.2, ear length - 8.5-10.6 cm, number of spikelets in one ear
15.3-20.9, number of grains in one ear 38.7-52.2 , the mass of grains in one
ear of 1.9-2.8 g, the mass of 1000 grains - 48.6-53.4. The same difference is
observed in indicators of other varieties. On productivity the studied 8
varieties absolutely differ from each other. In Dedoplistskaro a variety
Amandus yields the most big crop - 8.9 t/hectare, in Telavi - 6.6 t/hectare, in
Khashuri - 6.4 t/hectare. Even more different results were received in case of
variety Urbanus - in Akhaltsikhe - 7.8 t/hectare, in Dedoplistskaro - 6.6
t/hectare, in Telavi - 6.3 t/hectare and in Khashuri 4.8 t/hectare. On the
basis of two-year researches for distribution in Georgia of the Austrian wheat
varieties it can be recommended: in Dedoplistskaro - varieties Amandus, Amikus
and Fidelus, in Telavi - Galuss and Lukulus, in Khashuri - Amandus and in
Akhaltsikhe - Amandus, Amikus and Urbanus. The Austrian wheat varieties are the
varieties of intensive type and for receiving of a big crop is required a high
technology of cultivation. In the conditions of Georgia by the highest
productivity differ the variety Amandus (7.2 t/hectare) and Amikus
(7.1t/hectare). Tab. 2, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.68. Biological activity and hybridization results of the pollen of citrange and Poncirus trifoliata. /Z. Bukia/.
Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 27-29. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The work deals with the results of
hybridization obtained by inclusion in the crossing of the paternal form of
citrange and the trifoliate orange or Poncirus
trifoliata. The results of crossing showed a great biological activity of
the pollen of ichangelo, trifoliate orange and citrange to increase fruit node
of small mandarins. All experienced pollinator is of great farming importance
(fruit node growth), while some (ichangensis, pompelmus) are important to rise
the seed production ability. Tab. 1, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.69. Seasonal rhythm of the development of selected nuceller seedlings of
mandarin (Citrus reticulata B.) and its connection
with harvest. /Z. Bukia/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 30-33. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The important role of nucellar selection in
the intensive citruses technology development is grounded. The experimental
material is given to prove that the rational seasonal rhythm passing serves as
a basis for high crop yield. Moreover, a detailed study of the phenological
changes of plants is the prerequisite for estimating the species according to
its potential to adapt to the changed environment. The right placement of crops
and purposeful conduct of farming techniques ensure for normal going through
the phenological stages and serves as a basis for productivity growth. Tab. 2,
Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.70. Establishment of sowing dates for flax of intermediate type. /L. Alpaidze, N.
Chkhaidze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 15-18. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
The sowing date of the
intermediate form of L-3 flax has been studied. Sowings were carried out in 4
periods: option I - March, 20-30; option II - April, 1-10; option III -
April,10-20; option IV - April, 20-30. As we deal with the intermediate form of
flax according to sowing time, we studied both harvest of seeds and a fiber
output. The fiber output was established according to anatomic cuts. It has
been established that by indicators of productivity of seeds the earliest
period - the third decade of March was best, and by the fiber output the best
results are received in the second period. As by test results the markers are
more on the side of oil-spinning flax, the first period - the last decade of
March should be considered as the best sowing date. Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.71. Study and protection of
agricultural biodiversity of garlic in Georgia. /E. Motiashvili-Sitchinava, N. kakabadze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 19-22. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The garlic species and
populations within Shua (Middle) Kartli, Kakheti and Svaneti were identified
and studied (26 forms in total). The study was carried out on both local and
introduced forms on the basis of Tsilkani Researc Center and in regions
(Ambrolauri, Akhaltsikhe, Gulgula, Dedoplistskaro). The existing forms were
studied according to biological, agricultural and quality signs. The focus was
made on the taste properties, piquancy, shelf-life and resistance to peasts and
diseases. In 2014-2015 the breeding nursery-based material was studied,
assessed and selected. The selected forms were planted in a breeding nursery.
Tab. 1, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.72. Potato tubers from sprouts of explants in
vitro creation of plants. /D. Antonova, A. Gogichaishvili, N. kakabadze,
L. Khokrishvili, D. Tsiklauri/. Bulletin of the Academy of
Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). –
pp. 23-28. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The high sensitivity of
potato towards viral, bacterial and fungal diseases caused a decrease in
productivity and the degradation/disappearance of popular varieties. Using the
virus-free potato culture’s method - in vitro cultivation - allows to get the
elite potato’s seed material (high-quality, disease-free), which is a
prerequisite to get a rich harvest. The aim of the research was to obtain the
introduced Belarusian varieties “Uladar” and “Briz”, disease-free, test-tube
plants from the sprout of explants of super elite tubers. For this purpose
there were selected visually healthy super elite generation tubers – “Uladar”
and “Briz”. After a special regime of thermotherapy, the received sprouts were
sterilized. The sterilized explants’ growth and development were being
conducted on the food areas of basal MS (Murashige end skoog medium) and
modified MSI (MS + (NAA-0,1mg/l + K-0,01mg/l). After ELISA testing micro-clonal
reproduction of the virus-free, test-tube plants selected with
enzyme-multiplied immunoassay was successfully launched. The results of the
research have shown that it is possible to receive from the super elite potato
material by means of simplified, biotechnological process disease-free in
vitro test-tube plants. Fig. 4, Ref. 11.
Auth.
b18.4.1.73. Selection of maize in Georgia and its results. /L. Liparteliani, P.
Begoidze, L. Kirikashvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 33-36. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Wheat ranks second
after corn in Georgian grain crops and first among cereals. Out of 27 globally
known wheat species, 14 are found in Georgia, of which. 5 are endemic. These
are: Makha, Zanduri, Chelta, Kartuli Asli
and Dika. This evidences that Georgia
is the primary home of wheat culture origin. Selection of wheat, maize and oats
in Georgia was initiated by professor L. Dekaprelevich, under whose leadership
33 species of wheat, 14 species of barley, 8 species and 14 hybrids of maize
were selected at the former Mtskheta Selection Station. At present, new species
and hybrids of the above-mentioned crops are being selected on the basis of
local and foreign primary material. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b16.4.1.74. Dynamics of morphological
and biological characteristics of some
selective
wheat
and barley breeds according
to their growth and development. /Z. Bukia, N. Gogia,
Ts. Atamasvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 37-42. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Dynamics of
morphological characteristics of the selective breeds of some representatives
of Poacea (grass family) according to
grow-development of cereal family is presented. The study of the growth and
development dynamics of three selective breeds („Bezostaia“, „Mirleben“,
„Vardzia“) and hexastichous barley (Hordeum hexsastrichum) participating in the test was aimed at
extracting bioactive compounds therefrom and identifying the anti-oxidant
activities of these substances, as well as studying the bioactive substances’
accumulkation dynamics during the development period. The study outcomes have
created a precondition to establish the optimum of bioactive compounds
accumulation in plants. Tab. 3, Ref. 11.
Auth.
b18.4.1.75. Characterization of biological and morphological parameters and
medical value of common jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). /Z. Bukia, N. Gogia, Ts. Atamasvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 43-46. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The characterization of
biological and morphological parameters and medical value of common jujube
(Chinese date) is presented. The plant’s fruit is greatly valued for its
content of phenol compounds and anti-oxidant activity. The work focuses on the
need of its selection from the medical point of view and its wide introduction
in the human health care service. Tab. 1, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.76. Phenological study of
early ripening sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars in Shida Kartli
region of Georgia. /E. Maghlakelidze, Z. Bobokasvili, V. Kakashvili, L. Tsigriasvili/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 47-49. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The article presents
the results of phenological study of properties of nine Georgia-introduced
foreign cultivars of sweet cherry with early ripening period. The research has
been carried out in collection orchard located in one of the leading regions of
fruit-growing of Georgia - Shida (Inner) Kartli (vil. Jighaura, Saguramo
Mtskheta municipality) and belonging to LEPL Scientific-Research Center of
Agriculture (SRCA) in 2014-2016. The research aims at studying sweet cherry
cultivars with early ripening period and selection of the best cultivars for the
purpose of further propagation in Shida Kartli. Tab. 1, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.77. Results of nut (hazelnut) germplasm research in Georgia. /N. Mirotadze, Z.
Bobokashvili, K. Dzeria/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 50-52. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Georgian hazelnuts
has high
economic-technological characteristics and this is the most important export
agricultural product of Georgia. It is also one of the oldest traditional nut
crops of Georgia. The unique climate conditions and topography of Georgia
condition a great diversity in different ecological zones of endemic hazenbut
varieties. According to a long-term study conducted in four regions (Samegrelo,
Racha and Kakheti) the following new prospective cultivars were identified:
“Form #7” (Rach), “Pitsa” (Samegrelo), “Pshavuri 1”, “Pshavuri 5”, “Jvara”
(Kakheti). The loval genotypes have distinguished propertiess: large size of
nuts, high yield, resistance to pests and diseases and high nutritional value.
Ref. 9.
Auth.
b18.4.1.78. Root pests of
vegetable crops and their control. /T. Gogishvili/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 94-97. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Vegetable crops can be
significantly damaged by harmful organisms, among which notable for their
harmfulness are: wireworms, faux wireworms, fall armyworm, mole cricket,
cicadas, root-knot nematodes. The wireworms (Coleoptera, Elateridae) invade plant
roots and tubers; they eat the inside of themy, which often results in the
decay of roots and tubers. The fall armyworms (Spodoptera frugiperda) damage leaves and stems, gnawing them at
root necks. Mole cricket (Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa) genereally gnaws plant roots, causing its dessiccation.
Cicadas (Cicadidae) gnaw the plant stems,
sometimes fruits too. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne
incognita) led to the formation on the roots of knots, affecting thus their
normal functioning. The agro technical and chemical agents are generally
recommended to control root pests of vegetable crops. Among chemicals the
following agents are efficient: Actara (granules), Marshal (granules),
Methabrom (gas). The use of these chemicals allows reduce the quantity of pests
to the minimum. Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.1.79. Fight against cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) by environmentally friendly measures. /E. Orjonikidze, M.
Matchavariani, T. Gogishvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 98-101. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The Cherry Fruit Fly is
widely spread in Georgia and causes a lot of damage. The loss of harvest caused
by the cherry fruit amounts to 40-45% annually; the gained harvest is of low
quality and does not comply with the requirements of the standard. The aim of
the study is to specify biological characteristic features of the cherry fruit
fly under conditions of Georgia and to elaborate environmentally friendly
measures against it. We have developed the preventive measures which are mainly
based on agro technical and biotechnical methods. In particular, from agro
technical measures we chose the digging and flooding of the area under the tree
branches; we determined the optimal depth of digging and the duration of
flooding. As for the biotechnical methods, we studied attractants and
efficiency of visual traps. As attractants we used ammonium carbonate and
protein hydrolyzate, and as visual traps -yellow-painted cardboards with
special glue. We also studied the efficiency of their joint usage. As the
observations revealed, in case of necessity we can also use a small amount of
labile (Group IV toxicity) chemical insecticides against the cherry fruit fly,
but only once during the whole vegetation period. The biological efficiency
system developed by us against the cherry fruit fly is 96-98%. In addition, we
get environmentally friendly harvest which will be free from highly toxic
chemical pesticides remains. The results will be interesting for the
researchers, farmers and population working in the field of plant protection.
Tab. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.80. Dryness of mulberry branches and measures of
struggle against it. /Sh. Kanchaveli, Z. Khidesheli/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 108-110. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Research has determined that dryness of mulberry branches
is caused by following fungi: Scherotinia
libertiana Fuck., Thyrococcum
sirakofii Bub and Fusarium lateritium
Nees., which penetrate the plant from the mechanically damaged places, infect
crust and timber of the branch and cause their dryness in the end. Ecological
factors affect the spread and development of the disease, as a result of this
one and the same species of mulberry related to different ecological
environment show different durability. The system of integral guard that
involves the joint use of sanhygienic, agro technical and chemical methods
against the disease is necessary. From chemical measures 3% bureaus mixture
treatment is necessary before blowing the buds; then treatment should be held
with working solution of systematic phyngicid 0,1-0,2% Val sat or 0,25-0,3%
indasol. When fungi spores are spread on the surface of the plant it is needed
to spray with working solution of 1% bureaus mixture or 0,5% chlorocooper
oxide. The first treatment should be held in the phase of newly opened 3-4
leaves, the second – twenty days later and the third one 25 days later after
the second treatment. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.1.81. Harm of weeds in cereal plots and the results of
appliance a new herbicide “Ballerina” against them. /L. Tsivilashvili, Z.
Tkebuchava/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 111-113. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng. Phytosanitary
monitoring was conducted to study weed frequency on the grain plot in Kareli
Municipality. Weed amount, % and dominant varieties per ha were defined.
Accordingly, it was defined that in the grain plots there are monocotyledon and
polycotyledon cereal weeds. Out of cotyledons the following are spread: Galium tricorne Stokes, Matricaria inodora L., Cirsium arvense (L). Scoop, Sonchus
arvensis L, Convolvulus arvensis
L, Centaurea depressa Bieb, Sinapis arvensis L, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medik, Thlaspi arvense L, Rapistrum
rugosum L, Chenopodium album L, Amaranthus retroflexus L, Polygonum aviculare L, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L, Descurainia sofia (L) Schur, Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Out of cereal weeds: Avena fatua L, Agropyron repens L.P.B. Dominant weeds are Galium tricorne Stokes, % of coverage - 85; Rapistrum rugosum (L) All - 80%; Chenopodium album L.-
75%; Avena fatua L- 60%; Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
- 65 %. A
new herbicide Ballerina 0.3-0.5 l/ha was applied against the weeds in the
cereal crops. The double action of the herbicide decreases weed resistance. In
3-4 days after applying the herbicides weed leaves become yellow and die in 2-3
weeks. The biological effectiveness of the tested herbicide was
70-85%. Tab. 2, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.82. Development of potato
brown rot in Georgia in 2015. /G. Meparishvili, M.
Muradashvili, Z. Sikharulidze, S. Meparishvili, N. Aptsiauri/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 114-117. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Potato brown rot (causal agent Ralstonia solanacearum) is the most
serious disease of potato. The results of conducted researches showed that its
incidence and severity level in lowland and mountain areas of Georgia is
moderate and a morph type of pathogen with 1-2 polar flagella is mainly
developed. Tab. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.83. The influence of the lemon plant tending and growing techniques
on
the composition and compound of the essential oil in it. /N. Baghaturia, N. Begiashvili, L.
Kotorashvili, M. Ormotsadze/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #3(723). –
pp. 74-79. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
research results of the tending and growing techniques, in particular trimming
(cutting, pruning the sprout, shoots), of lemon cultivated in the Black Sea
subtropical regions of Georgia are presented. The influence of trimming on the
productivity, chemical and essential oil composition of lemon is studied. In
the lemon oil the limonene is in the interconnection with the citral: the more
is d-limonene in oil the less is citral compound and vice versa the reduction of the limonene compound in oil (test
without trimming) is followed by the enrichment of the oil by citral. Tab. 3,
Fig. 2, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.84. Impact of nitrates content on potato tubers in
the storage process. /T. Shamatava, L.
Zviadadze/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #1(721). – pp. 94-98. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
content of nitrates in potato tubers in the storage process was studied. Tests
were carried out under lab and field conditions. Various doses of NPK
fertilizers were applied. The tests established that during long-term storage
of potato tubers the content of nitrates gradually decreases against the
background of nitric fertilizers dosing. In mid-winter period dose is halved,
while in spring it reduces to minimum. Tab. 2, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.1.85. Change of chemical composition in different
varieties of apples during storage.
/G. Dvali, N. Lomtadze, T. Chipashvili/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. –
#1(721). – pp. 99-102. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
A
change in the chemical composition of different apple varieties, such as
“Starkrimson” and “Goruli sinapi” was studied in order to increase their shelf
life. The pectin substance was found to greatly influence the shelf life of
apples. The apple softening and structural changes of the pectin substance
depend on the biochemical process going in the fruit, which allows control the
shelf life of apples. Tab. 2, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.1.86. Report of recombinant strains of potato virus Y
(PVY) in Georgian potato seeds.
/V. Baramidze, I. Schubert, N. Aleksidze, E. Shubladze, L.
Ushanov/. Bulletin of the Georgian National
Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – v. 10. –
#4. – pp. 64-70. – eng.; abs: eng., geo.
This
is a report of recombinant variants of potato virus Y (PVY) from the potato
cultivating regions of Georgia: Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki, Marneuli. The most
prevalent strains were PVYNWi - 89%, followed by PVYN
-11%. We could not detect any infection with PVYNTN, PVYNA-NTN
and PVYO. This finding is congruent with research papers stating
that PVYNWi is found to be most prevalent in Europe. Total PVY
infection of potato seeds accounted 63%, which exceeds any certification limits
in the world. The highest incidence of PVY was observed for Akhaltsikhe - 78%,
followed by Marneuli - 61% and Akhalkalaki - 50%. According to chi-squared
analyses, Akhalkalaki region had a significantly lower number of PVY infection
(P<0.05) compared to both other regions. This might be attributed to the
higher altitude of the growing area. The rate of infection in Georgia is significantly
higher than the certification standard of EU (9% with high PVY infection).
Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) of PVY infection
between cultivars rated as PVY-resistant and non-resistant, demonstrating the
cultivars in the country are not recombinant strain resistant. Widely used
varieties Desiree and Spunta formerly were reputed to be well resistant to PVY,
but, today these cultivars are counted as sensitive to new recombinant strains
such as PVYNTN or PVYNWi. Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 25.
Auth.
b18.4.1.87. Results of study some questions in of agro technical event feijoa
conditions of in Imereti. /R.
Kopaliani, Sh. Kapanadze/.
Novation. – 2016. – #18. – pp. 80-83. – geo.; abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The
article presents the results of a study of some issues in the cultivation of
feijoa plantation under conditions of Imereti. Studies have shown that under
conditions and in areas of Geguti and Baghdati, the inter-row sowing of green
manure definitely influence the activity of vegetative and generative plant
processes of feijoa, its productivity and quality and significantly increases
the efficiency of mineral fertilizer consumed. Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.88. Chemical composition of lipidic fraction of the Georgian tea and prospects of application of biologically active vitamin food additives. /N. Tsutskiridze, K.
Sirbiladze/. Novation. – 2016. – #18. – pp. 90-95. – geo.; abs.: geo., rus.,
eng.
The liposoluble
lipidic fraction of the Georgian tea contains many
physiologically activeand
necessary for the organism components. The article shows ther
dynamics of change and prospect of application of biologically active vitamin additives in foodstuff. A research
of the tea
lipidic fraction for
acute toxicity showed that it belongs to practically non- toxic substances. The lipidic fraction of tea is free from any local irritating, allergenic, teratogenic and embriotoxic activity. The chemical
composition of the
tea lipidic fraction give all grounds
for using
is as biologically active vitamin additive for treatment and prevention of diseases of skin,
stomach ulcer and a duodenum and for treatment of other diseases. Tab. 3, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.89. Regeneration of bushes during rehabilitation groomed tea plantations. /N. Jincharadze/. Novation. – 2016. – #18. – pp. 105-109. – geo.; abs.: geo., rus.,
eng.
The
peculiarities of restoration of the vegetative part of plants against the
background of different pruning and interrow mulching in the abandoned tea
plantations are considereds. According to the research data (tea bush crown
development, yield, leaf quality), comparatively promising look to be
half-heavy (35cm) and heavy (15 cm) pruning options. Black polyethylene film
was used as inter-row mulching. Tab. 3, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.1.90. Ìîdern means of
agricultural pest control. /I. Shvangiradze, M.
Chkhartishvili/. Mining
Journal. – 2016. – #2(37). – pp. 78-80. – geo.; abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The paper discusses
pesticides used against harmful diseases in agriculture. One of the
tasks of
modern ecology is the research of threat of using agricultural chemicals and
development
of preventive measures. Some pesticides, apart from their designated function,
affect in
many negative ways the biosphere. The application of each fertilizer requires knowledge to avoid its
accumulation in products, damage to the local ecosystem
and damage to
the cattle and human health. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.91. Plant
protection. /G. Aleksidze/. Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Monograph. –
2014. – p. 312. – Geo., abs.: Eng.
The book consists of two
parts. The first part concerns pests and diseases of agricultural crops, their
spread, plant damages, biology and control activities. The second part deals
with contemporary methods of control, conditions of their optimal application,
prognosis of the spread of major pests and diseases, etc. The book is richly illustrated. Ref. 32.
Auth.
b18.4.1.92. Prospects of application of a huminic-organic
fertilizer AGROVITA
in bio-production. /Kh. Kachniashvili/. Modern
technologies to produce ecologically pure products for sustainable development
of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 173-176. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Natural
lignitic materials contain all those elements that are necessary for plants’
growth, but they are insoluble in water and are not absorbed by plant cells.
So, usage of lignitic materials as an organic fertilizer cannot give desired
results. The article deals with a new technology of obtaining ecologically
safe, natural organic mineral fertilizer from raw material containing natural
lignitic materials (peat and leonardite). The production has been patented -
patent #3977, 29.11.05 (1). The fertilizer is registered by Food Safety
National Service of the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia, tarde name -
Agrovita‖. Resukts of long-term research showed that the application of
the fertilizer is effective for feeding all kind of plants in all the stages of
plant development and for any climate-soil region. Fig. 2, Ref. 9.
Auth.
b18.4.1.93. Obtaining ecologically flexible new hybrid plants
by crossing triticale with soft wheat. /Q. Mchedlishvili, T. Epitashvili/. Modern
technologies to produce ecologically safe products for sustainable
development of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 258-259. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The research of the strength of crossing soft
wheat with triticale clearly demonstrated that the crossing of these two crops
does not require any additional activity. During the recipricoal crossing
definite regularities were revealed being manifested as follows: the strength
of hydridization between these two crops is higher when soft wheat is
pollinated with the triticale dust; the seeding ability is significantly lower
when triticale is pollinated with wheat. At the same time, it is proved that
the crossing of the two crops significantly depends on the genotype capacity.
The crossing level is higher when the pollinated wheat is of a hybrid origin.
Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.94. The excretory function of plants. /G. Sanadze, A. Davituliani, S. Pkhachiashvili/. Annals of Agrarian
Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 181-183. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
property of living cells to excrete part of energy in the form of heat and products
of metabolism into the environment is one of the most significant functions of
a living organism. The living cell is an open nonequilibrium thermodynamic
system, dissipating entropy of different kinds into the environment by means of
dissipative structures without fail. The sum of emitted energy is determined by
maximum entropy production (MEP). The excretory function of a living cell is
the direct consequence of dissipativity of open thermodynamic systems and
represents constant constituent of cellular metabolism. Systematic excretion of
metabolic products into the environment should be considered as a result of the
excretory activity of a cell. Dissipation of energy completes the stable flow
of thermodynamic currents and regulates stability of steady state of the cell
as a whole. The present work considers these issues from the point of view of
modern thermodynamics. It is concluded that the thermodynamic dissipation of
entropy accompanying irreversible processes and ensuring the stability and
ontogenetic steadiness of a living organism is the basis of the excretory
ability of a living organism. Fig. 2, Ref. 11.
Auth.
b18.4.1.95. New records and some interesting findings of
oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida)
from Georgia. /M. Murvanidze, T.
Arabuli/. Annals
of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 195-197. – eng.; abs: eng.
Six species of oribatid mites have been found
for the first time in Georgian fauna: Eobrachychthonius
latior (Berlese, 1910), Graptoppia
paraanalis (Subias & Rodrigues, 1985), Mongaillardia grandjeani (Calugar & Vasiliu 1984), Tritegeus bisulcatus (Grandjean 1953), Podoribates longipes (Berlese, 1887), Chamobates birulai (Kuiczinsky, 1092)
and Oribatula (Zygoribatula) skrjabini
(Bulanova-Zachvatkina 1967). M.
grandjeani is a new finding for the Caucasus region. New locations for some
rare oribatid species are also registered. Ref. 15.
Auth.
b18.4.1.96. Brasilian vervain (Verbena brasiliensis Vell.) in Kolkheti flora. /I. Mikeladze, G. Bolkvadze, M. Metreveli, R.
Chagalidze, M. Davitadze, A. Sharabidze/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. –
#2. – pp. 198-200. – eng.; abs: eng.
The
appearance of foreign plants in the seashore of West Georgia began in the
distant past and continues today. The current condition, invasive indicators,
bio-morphological characteristics and growth development properties
of the new invasive species of South American origin Verbena brasiliensis spread in Kolkheti flora (Western Georgia's
seaside part) is given. In Kolkheti it is mainly spread in the seaside, along
the roads, along the railroad, on the ruderal places, near channels and rivers,
deserted building sites, landfills, and non-agricultural lands. The Brazilian
vervain is a perennial, erect, branched, 50-210 cm in height plant. The plant
starts flowering in April-May and lasts till November. It is distinguished by
high reproductivity. A fully grown plant develops about 90,000-100,000 seeds in
the second year. Consequently, the spread area of the plant is gradually
growing. Fig. 3, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.1.97. Using in vitro strengthened
test-tube potato plants for
bio-production. /M.
Kukhaleishvili, I. Megrelishvili, T. Shamatava/. The phytogenetic resources of Georgia
and innovative technologies for their improvement. Materials of a Scientific Conference. Tbilisi - 21 September. –
2016. – pp. 7-9. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
To supply farmers with
elite quality seed, the elite seed producing full cycle was modified in
Georgia, In particular, the cycle laboratory-greenhouse-open field was replaced
by the cycle laboratory (phytotrone)-laboratory(plants strengthening)-open
field. Thanks to this technology, Georgian farmers received elite seed of local
production, which will ensure the production of quality seeding material and
growth of harvest in Georgia. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.98.
The quiet crisis of the planet – threat of food
shortage. /G.
Margvelashvili, R. Lolishvili/. Materials of a scientific conference dedicated
to the World Soil Day. Tbilisi. – 2016. – pp. 3-11. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
article deals with the problem of soil degradation in the world and
particularly in Georgia, the main reason of which is its uncontrolled
consumption and anti-scientific approach. The authors present a few examples of
the negative results caused by number of reasons, such as: uncontrolled
plowing, insufficiency in application of organic and mineral fertilizers, soil
erosion caused by water and wind, soil contamination with plant protecting
chemicals, and other. Fig. 4, Tab. 3, Ref.
3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.99. Some
soil degradation problems in Georgia.
/N. Machavariani, N. Kakabadze, M. Mosashvili/. New Agrarian Georgia. – 2017. –
#2(70). – pp. 13-15. – geo.; abs.: eng.
Soil
degradation processes are still ongoing in the country due to natural and
anthropogenic impacts. Despite the fact that desertification is a natural
phenomenon caused by the impact of several climatic factors, the impact of the anthropogenic
(man-made) factors in this process is also quite impressive. In particular, these
include unsustainable agricultural practices, uncontrolled forest felling,
overgrazing, improper irrigation, artificial fires, failure of irrigation
systems, soil pollution, erosion, soil damage, swamping of lands, etc. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.1.100. Local stone-fruit
varieties
for horticulture. /Z. Bobokashvili, K. Dzeria, N. Mirotadze, V.
Kakashvili, E.Maghlakelidze/. New Agrarian Georgia. – 2017. – #6(74). – pp.14-15.
–
geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Locally bred fruit varieties are rather few in the country. Unfortunately,
commercial orchards are basically planted with introduced varieties. However, rather
adaptive and distinguished forms can be selected among local landraces and
varieties, which are characterized by good potential for improving the composition
of available drupes. For this purpose an initial research of local varieties was
carried out in 2015-2016. As a result, several local drupe varities were that
can be promising for the industrial sector were selected. These include the
peach “Konela” and wild plum “Guldedava”. These varities are characterized by
high economic performance and can be considered as a valuable source for species
improvement. Tab. 1,
Ref. 3.
Auth.
Animal
science
b18.4.2.1. Lactoserum processing by membrane technology. /B. Tuganovà/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 144-145. – rus.; abs.: eng., rus.
The article considers the use of membrane technology for
processing secondary dairy raw materials, including lactoserum, as well as the
aspects of its rational use and ecology.
Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.2.2. Development of a new aerated sour milk beverage
technology. /M.
Temerbaeva, Z. Baitemirova/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #1-2. – pp. 208-210. – rus.; abs.: eng.
Development of new
probiotic micro flora containing sour milk (koumiss) beverages for industrial
production is of great medical importance, since their application presents
broad perspectives for using them as an effective adjuvant for treating the
antibiotic resistant forms of tuberculosis. Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.2.3. Ear-lid nerve peculiarities of Caucasian
shepherd’s dog. /V. Kvachrelishvili, N.
Omarashvili, N. Milashvili/. Modern technologies to produce
ecologically pure products for sustainable development of agriculture. Int. Sci.
Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September.
– 2016. – pp. 481-483. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Ear-lid
morphology,
topography, zones of branching and their interconnection with the trigeminal
nerve branches is presented is this article based on 20 samples of the
Caucasian shepherd dog. It has been determined that the zones of the direction
and branching of the facial nerve from the beginning of the starting point to
the end of the branching of the nerve are divided into the initial or starting
part of the facial nerve, the part of the jaw-ear gland of the facial nerve and
the part of the facial-peripheral nerve or the final part of the nerve. The
ear-lid nerve in the temperal fossa on the sample of Caucasian shepherd dog are
more often divided (60,0%) as on the right as well on the left into superficial
temperal and eye-socket nerves. The last
one is devided into supraorbital and infraorbital nerves. Ref. 4.
Auth.
Husbandry
b18.4.2.4. The livestock development prospects in
Georgia. /M.Tsintsadze, N. Natroshvili, G. Natroshvili, G. Tskvitinidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). –
pp.
91-93. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng., rus.
The article considers the state of modern animal husbandry. The latest statistical data of FÀÎ as well as the state of relevant recording in Georgia are presented.
The activities to help animal husbandry to become in the near future economically profitable branch
and to provide population with ecologically safe and healthy productsare established. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.2.5. Ways of
development of rabbit-breeding - usage of reserves in feeding. /M. Tsintsadze, N. Orjaneli, N. Natroshvili, G.
Natroshvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). – pp. 93-96. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The article reviews the
importance of animal husbandry and ways of development of one of its branches -
rabbit-breeding. A variety of nutrients used in the combined food for the last
20 years in developed states of the world is studies. The science-based recommendations
for restoring the rabbit-bring branch in Georgia are given. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.2.6. Anti-stress agents
in poultry farming. /M.Kobakhidze, D.Basiladze/. Metsniereba da
Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). – pp. 97-99. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
effect of Katozal was studied for the
first time as anti-stress agent in broiler chickens of different ages in
Georgia in case of the irritating action of temperature. The optimal dose of
its use in chickens is 20 ml per 1 liter of water. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.2.7. Using an ozone
generator ”Samani-2” in livestock.
/L. Tabatadze, I. Abuladze, V. Shvelidze, R.
Gakhokidze/. Works
of Technical University of Georgia. – 2017. – #1(503). – pp. 11-15. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The paper considers
ozone that is becoming more widely used in various fields of national economy
and medicine as a means of disinfection and sterilization. The research team of
the Georgian Technical University, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
and company “Velimisioni” developed the ozone generator “Samani-2’’ to be used
in livestock for the production and storage of animal-derived products. Ozone
disinfection in livestock is a sustainable support for the well-being of the
national economy against infectious diseases. Ozonizing livestock buildings
allows the reduction of some toxic gases by 80-85% (NH3, H2S,
SO2, etc.) and fungus and microbial contamination - by 80-90%.
Developed ozone generator provides purification of air in livestock buildings
(administrative, farm, etc.), sanitizing procedures related to food processing,
sterilization of instruments and laboratory equipment cleaning. Tab. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.2.8. The aeroionized background effects on the clinical-physiological
condition
of pigs. /K. Miqadze, V. Kvachrelishvili, N. Milashvili/. Modern technologies to produce ecologically pure products for sustainable
development of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf. Materials. Tbilisi. – 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 418-421. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
work concerns definition of the aeroionization background within different
climate zones of Georgia. The received results prove that aeroions composition
depends not only on natural-climatic but also on seasonal features and
atmosphere‘s ecological condition. Under conditions of high aerionic background
there regulation of the physiological state of the organism was observed. The
clinical-physiological index of the pig‘s organism increased by about 10-12.4%.
Tab. 1, Ref. 3.
Auth.
.
b18.4.2.9.
Soil–animal
health. /T. Kurashvili, M. Kereselidze,
E. Ghvaladze/. Materials
of a scientific conference dedicated to the World Soil Day. – Tbilisi. – 2016. – pp. 23-26. – geo.;
abs.: geo.,
eng.
The development the
cattle-breeding, animal health and productivity depend on soil productivity.
Soil is very convenient area for many patholog microorganisms. It also inhibits
also larvas – carriers of helminthiasis. Therefore, everyone should take care
of soil cleanness and less contaminate it by biological discharges, first of
all by manure. In order to sanitate soil sanitation it should be given resrt,
which means introduction of successive grazing. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.3.1. Veterinary-sanitary
examination of fresh meat displaced in the Georgian market segment. /G. Danelia,
T. Palavandishvili, M. Cincadze, N. Natroshvili, G. Natroshvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 117-122. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The results of a veterinary-sanitary
examination of fresh meat were studied. As a result of organoleptic and
chemical analysis it was established that after 2 hours from the purchase of
the product all these qualities complied with the standard; as for the period
after 48-72 hours, the quality properties of the meat product significantly
deteriorate under the action of amminofication bacteria; also a negative outcome
results from the reaction for CuSO4 and formalin, because of which
fresh meat should be subjected to regular monitoring. Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.3.2. Next generation
sequencing method of avian influenza virus, optimised
research protocol. /M.
Murtskhvaladze, A. Kotorashvili/. Bulletin
of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – v. 10. – #4. – pp. 71-77. –
eng.; abs: eng., geo.
Avian
influenza is caused by specified viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxo viridae and the genus Influenza virus A. 16 haemagglutinin
(HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been isolated from birds. Most
avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are of low pathogenicity and cause mild or
subclinical infections in aquatic birds. Domestic poultry, particularly
gallinaceous birds, in which clinical signs may be more obvious, is of key
importance when evaluating the risk of emergence of influenza viruses from the
natural host reservoir. The most devastating poultry disease scenario is highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which is characterized by high morbidity and
mortality and occurs only among H5 and H7. Georgia is important for migration
and over-wintering of wild water birds. Thus, it might act as a migratory
bridge for influenza virus transmission during migration. In 2009-11 AIV
prevalence of 6.3% was observed in ducks and 9% in large gulls during the
autumn post-moult aggregations, wintering and migration stop-over period. The
molecular characteristics of viruses that exhibit an expanded host range are,
to date, poorly understood. Characterization of the virus population in the
natural host reservoir, mechanisms of transmissions to other individuals
requires full-genome sequencing of each infection cases. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref.
17.
Auth.
b4.4 Agricultural
biotechnology
Agriculture
and food biotechnologies
b18.4.4.1. Management of the technological quality of
winter wheat grain. /B. Bolghashvili/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 14-18. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
The impact of fore crops, mineral
fertilizers, climatic and meteorological condition on winter wheat under
conditions of main cereal production zones of Outer Kakheti Plateau, as well as
activities regulating them are given. The issue is considered according to arid
insufficiently humid, stable humid and sufficiently humid zones. Tab. 2, Ref.
4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.2. Fruit drying
process options. /I. Gaprindashvili, L. Bolkvadze, N. Asanidze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 34-36. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The drying process options of the
existing in Georgia fruit dryers are discussed. High air temperature and drying
potential may cause undesirable chemical and mechanical changes in products, so
it is sometimes necessary to use different options in order to establish a soft
and equal regime of drying process. Fig. 5, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.4.3. Importance of
engineering support of agricultural technological
processes in realization of normative results. /B. Basilashvili, I. Lagvilava,
R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin
of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 82-85. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The work concerns the raising of the
efficiency and introduction of perfect complex mechanization of agricultural
production. Through the example of engineering support of a specific
technological process the principal problems for their comprehensive
implementation are developed: technical means and agro technical requirements
for sowing cereals; daily and hourly rates of the work; calculation of power
loading into sowing machines; logistical support of sowing technological
complex. Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.4.4. Importance of
agricultural machinery maintenance in the common service system of its usage. /B. Basilashvili, I. Lagvilava, R. Khazhomia/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 86-89. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The characterizing feature of agricultural
machinery represents the seasonality of its usage, the impact of atmospheric
factors and the aggressive environment (fertilizers, pesticide, etc.) thereon.
The majority of agricultural machinery is used annually from 10...15 up to
55...60 days, the remaining time they are idle and subject to storage. The
proper storage of machinery is of particular importance. It gives the
possibility to reduce the destructive impact of precipitation and aggressive
environment and increase its the service life. The issue of maintenance of
agricultural machinery mainly includes the types and methods of its storage, as
well as the basic elements of machinery yards and machinery arrangement
platforms. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.5. Identification of nomenclature
and number of machinery necessary for production of agricultural crops on the
basis of energy consumption of the technological processes. /E. Shapakidze, G. Chitaia, G. Mosashvili, R. Japaridze/. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017.
– #1(37). – pp. 90-97. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with identificatmion of
machinery and their number necessary for technological processes of growing and
tending agricultural crops per given land area, angle of the land slope, type
of operation, type of crop (annual or perennial), and other parameters and
energy consumption of the technological processes. Tab. 3, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.6. Increase of the export potential of strategic crops production by optimizing the irrigation technology. /V. Nanitashvili/.
Bulletin of Georgian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2017. – #1(37). – pp. 98-104. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The question of irrigation of tea
and citrus crops is discussed as a significant measure guaranteeing a high and
quality harvest oriented at the increase of export production. Construction
diagrams of the irrigation water-sprinkling equipment for tea and citrus
plantations, the main units and principles of operation, as well as engineering
data and irrigation technology are given. Fig. 5, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.7. Planning an industrial experiment for grape-seed oil extraction. /G. Gorgodze, I. Bochoidze, N. Sinauridze, M.
Gabidzashvili/. Novation.
– 2016. – #18. – pp. 32-39. – geo.; abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The paper dwells on a central composite
rotatable design matrix for an experiment aiming at extracting grape-seed oil.
Analysis of findings shows that the maximal yield of target product should be
expected, when Xi≥1, that is in full
compliance with conclusions made during analysis of one-dimensional sections of
optimization B0 regression equation. Tab. 5, Fig. 2, Ref.
2.
Auth.
b18.4.4.8. Methods of isolation and
analysis of essential oils. /L. Kipiani/. Novation. –
2016. – #18. – pp. 40-46.
– geo.; abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The review proved that
the primary method of analysis of essential oils is the use of gas-liquid
chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. As a method of ionization the
electron impact is viewed as optimal, which allows to characterize the
structure of the analyzed components reliably regarding the nature of
fragmented ions formed. Ref. 8.
Auth.
b18.4.4.9. Prebiotic
artichoke-based mashed foodstuffs. /G. Papunidze, I.
Chkhartishvili, N. Seidishvili, S. Papunidze, Ts. Bolkvadze/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 124-127. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The article presents
the importance of consuming prebiotic inulin, pectin, fructose-containing
functional food products. It is noted that artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L) is one of the perspective and important raw
materials for the production of such products due to its unique chemical
composition. Researched and selected was such technological mode for processing
artichoke tubers, which would contribute to the preservation of the nutritional
value of food products. Experimental studies specified that good organoleptic
characteristics of the products obtained from artichoke tubers depend on the
content of organic acids content and ðÍ thereof. Adding local fruits and
vegetables, citrus juice (orange, lemon) and a certain amount of ascorbic acid
to blanched tubers before homogenization makes it possible to maintain
biologically active substances and improve the product's organoleptic and
chemical properties. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.10. Prospects for using
Georgian red grape husk and seeds in confectionary industry. /G. Khetsuriani, Ts. Khutsidze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 128-130. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper describes the
possibility of using common in West Georgia red grapes husk and seeds in
production of fruit-jelly confectionery products. The physico-chemical
characteristics of the semi-finished product - puree - obtained from the blend
of husk and seeds as the product richest in natural biologically active
substances are studied. The samples of a new range of fruit-jelly marmalade are
prepared. The organoleptic and physic-chemical properties of the produced
foodstuff and their compliance with the existing standard requirements are
established. Based on the analysis of findings, the optimal amount of the puree
produced from the husk and seeds and, accordingly, the production technology
regulations of the new foodstuff are determined. Changes in the quality of a
new range of fruit-jelly marmalade during storage are studied. Tab. 2, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.4.11. Possiblities of bio-production in
Georgia. /T. Kunchulia/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 160-163. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Based on the data of
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World
Bank, the paper anticipates creation of serious deficit and increasing of
prices on food products in the 40-50s of the current century, as well as
analyses reasons for serious changes in the agrarian policies of developed
countries that will be caused by increasing food supply coefficient for their
own population and necessity to establish food reserves. The above changes will
deepen asymmetric attitude of the world towards food security policy and
because of that, the population of developing countries will have to utilize
genetically modified products. Presumably Georgia has favorable conditions for
producing bio-products. However, serious work should be conducted in order to
ensure their production in compliance with relevant requirements. Initially,
transfer to production of bio-products should be conducted in piedmont and
mountainous regions of the country, which makes 87% of the country’s territory
and is characterized with concentration of small natural farming, natural
fragmentation of land, mainly manual production and usage of old technologies.
Consolidation of production in these regions can be conducted by introduction
of single technology in small family type farms, ensuring guaranteed purchase
of products, selection of crops for bio-production, etc. As for creation of
agricultural cooperatives, this should be implemented according to certain
operations or creation of processing enterprises. Transfer to bio-production in
these regions should be conducted gradually, based on using farm-owned lands
for the purpose, in order to ensure that these farms do not lose the diversity
characteristic to natural farming that is so attractive for foreign tourists.
Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.4.4.12. Results of amino acids
research in the technological processing of European and
Kakhuri-type
wines. /N. Baghaturia, T. Nanitashvili, N. Begiashvili, Ts. Shilakadze, B. Baghaturia/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #4 (33). – pp.
25-30. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article describes
the changes of amino acids in the process of technical
handing and ripening/ageing of wine. The carried out
researches
revealed a mechanism of changes of separate wine amino acids
during the
mentioned processes. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.13. Some biochemical
factors which effect on the formation of food products. /M. Garuchava, G.
Parulava/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). – pp. 85-90.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
article discusses some biochemical factors effecting the formation of food
products quality. The role of food in the process of healthy diet is shown. The
physical-chemical characteristics of the harmful substances that are more
common in food products are given and the influence on human body and health is
shown. Fig. 4, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.4.14. Biosynthesis of essential oils in plants. /N. Baghaturia, N. Begiashvili, L. Kotorashvili,
M. Ormotsadze/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #3(723). – pp. 67-73. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
biosynthesis of essential oils in plants (lemon, tangerine and orange) is
researched. The research results of the essential oil accumulation dynamics in
citrus fruits are presented. It is established that harvest of citruses in the
subtropical zones of Georgia better to take place in the late November and
early December, when the essential oil quality is best. Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.4.15. Technology for producing a new foodstuff “dry citrazh” from citrus
leaves.
/G. Ghvaladze/. Science and Technologies. – 2016.
– #2(722). – pp. 66-68. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
techno-chemical and biochemical properties of leaves of citruses (tangerine,
orange, grapefruit, citron) used for producing a new foodstuff are considered.
It is characterized by the best organoleptic properties and is rich in
bioactive substances, in particular vitamins C and PP. The new foodstuff will
facilitate the widening of a range of dry, aromatic (tea-like) products. Fig.
1, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.16. Testing a
bio-mineral fertilizer derived from the processing of trachytes. /I. Kartvelishvili, N. Chkhobadze, J. Kakulia, N.
Lomidze, I. Chochia/. Mining Journal. – 2016. – #2(37). – pp. 88-90. – geo.;
abs.: geo., rus., eng.
The processing of
Tsikhisubani field trachytes by silicate bacteria, using the biotechnological
method is shown. The result of such processing is a prolonged fertilizer
produced by adsorption of silicate bacteria and potassium on zeolite. The
product was tested in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions on the wheat
crop. The fertlizer’s efficiency is proved by an increase in plant
productivity, as well as by activation of the positive soil micro flora. Tab.
2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.17. Alternative raw material and technology to produce
"Mate" tea. /R. Melkadze, T. Megrelidze/. Works of Technical University of Georgia. – 2017. – #1(503). – pp. 16-24. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The article reviews
"Mate" tea production, technological characteristics and large
companies producing it. The article considers some disadvantages of well-known
technical solutions of "Mate" tea production: the used tropical raw
materials with very limited resource area makes it impossible to produce tea in
the quantity corresponding to a market demand that is reflected on the
deficiency of tea "Mate". The available technologies are rather
primitive, time-consuming and expensive, not providing standard chemical and
qualitative characteristics of the product. A new alternative raw material for
the production of "Mate" tea - Caucasian rhododendron leaves, is proposed
and a new technological scheme is developed. Laboratory samples of rhododendron
tea are obtained and tested. The implementation of the proposed technology is
possible by the existing facilities for the green tea production at any small
and medium enterprise with minimal capital costs. Tab. 4, Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.4.4.18. Biochemical
characteristics of Caucasian blackberry leaves.
/R. Melkadze/. Works
of Technical University of Georgia. – 2017. – #1(503). – pp. 25-35. – eng.; abs.: eng., geo., rus.
Some physical and chemical characteristics of a 6-leaf Caucasian
blackberry shoot (Rubus caucasicus
L.) were studied. It was found that the minimal moisture content, the extract
substances and phenolic compounds are the same for the periods of the beginning
and end of the plant’s growing season. The composition of phenolic compounds is
represented by catechins, flavonols and leucoanthocyanidins. The highest
accumulation of phenolic compounds during the growing season is found in the
mid-season (July-August). The average monthly amount of free amino acids in the
blackberry leaf is 26.68 mg/g. Out of 11 identified amino acids, 5 are
unchanged (histidine, arginine, methionine, leucine, valine). The presence of
the active form of O-diphenoloxidase in the complex oxidative enzymes of
blackberry leaf was found. The blackberry leaf and extract have high antioxidant
activity. Tab. 4, Fig. 5, Ref. 49.
Auth.
b18.4.4.19. Antioxidant
activity and production technology of garlic paste. /R. Melkadze/. Works of Technical University of
Georgia. – 2016. – #4(502). – pp. 11-15. – rus.; abs.: rus., geo., eng.
The article refers to the study of the
antioxidant activity of garlic paste, depending on the storage time of the end product and raw material processing methods. It is
shown that from the economic point of view vacuum packaging of the product is
more preferable, providing maximum safety of the antioxidant activity of the
product within 12 months. A technological scheme of garlic paste production was
developed. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.4.4.20. Results of the
research of technico‐chemical indices
of the grapefruit cultivated in West Georgia. /G. Kaishauri, N. Japarashvili/. Works of Technical University of Georgia. – 2016.
– #3(501). – pp. 11-15. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
This work represents
the results of a research of techno‐chemical indices of the
grapefruits cultivated in a garden of the town of Lanchkhuti, West Georgia. The
organoleptic (appearance, colour, taste and flavour of the fruit) and technical
(average weight, volume, compactness, linear size‐height, diameter as
well as form index) indices and the mechanical composition (proportion of
biomass components, namely soft mass, skin, albedo and seeds in percents) of
grapefruits were studied. The chemical composition of grapefruits was studied
as well, including dry matters, sugars (monosaccharides and sacharose),
tanning and coloring matters, ascorbic acid, and total acidity. The study
outcomes indicate that the grapefruit is characterized as a good commodity.
Soft mass is distinguished by its high acidity (3.27% calculated on lemon acid)
and by high contents of biologically active matters – ascorbic acid (43.11
•10.3%). Tab. 2, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.4.21. Technology of
producing food additives from wild‐growing juniper. /N. Baghaturia, L. Kajaia, M. Demenyuk/. Works of Technical University of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(500). – pp. 11-17. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The technology of
producing natural food additives such as biologically active extracts from
wild-growing juniper cones and green mass was processed and the following
optimal technological parameters were established at the Institute of Food
Industry: Indian juniper cones and green mass thermal extraction should be
carried out at 40 0C with the 60% alcohol-water solution during 4
hours. The organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of biologically active
extracts received from juniper cones and green mass and their marginal
parameters were studied. The technological instruction of producing extracts
from juniper cones and green mass and internal manufacturing standard were
drafted. A study of the scope of the juniper extract use showed that these
extracts may be used in food industry as a food additive as well as in perfume
and cosmetics industry and pharmacology. Tab. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.22. Testing a bio-mineral
fertilizer
having resulted from the bacterial processing of trachytes on tomato
crop
under open ground conditions. /L. Kartvelishvili, N.
Chkhobadze, Sh. Malashkhia, L. Chochia, N. Chubinidze/. Mining Journal. – 2017. – #1(38). – pp. 155-158. – geo.; abs.: geo.,
eng., rus.
The test results of a
prolonged bio-fertilizer bacterial fertilizer on a tomato crop under open
ground conditions are discussed. The mineral fertilizer was produced as a result
of bacterial processing of Tsikhisubani deposit trachytes by adsorption of the
leached potassium and silicate bacteria on zeolite. The bio-fertilizer was
found to be efficient on the basis of the plant productivity and biological
activity data. Tab. 5, Ref. 1.
Auth.
b18.4.4.23. Development of
the methods of extraction of phenolic compounds from the seeds of Georgian
grapes for the products for therapeutic and prophilactic purposes. /G. Lobzhanidze,
T. Namchevadze/. Georgian
Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #1. – v. 77. – pp. 109-110.–
geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
It is well known that one of the basic factors causing many diseases
is the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the organism. Hence it is
essential to use antioxidants, natural antioxidants being preferable without
doubt. The high antioxidant activity of grape polyphenols is well known. The
outcomes of our investigation allow producing the nonalcoholic concentrates
with grape polyphenols of nutritive-prophylactic purpose, which will contain no
less than 200 mg/ml of the active substance in the diluted, bioavailable state.
For comparison, it should be noted that the concentration of polyphenols in red
wines is no more than 20 mg/ml. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.24. The impact of quick freezing on the microflora of berries. /M. Gurielidze, M. Zhgenti, L. Gulua, T.Turmanidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #1. – v. 77. – pp. 111-114. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The results of microbiological investigation of promising berry crops
such as strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are discussed. Fresh
berries, the berries after quick freezing and frozen berries after 2-month
storage were studied. In the berries stored at 18°C, just as the growth of
yeasts, molds and pathogenic bacteria (enterobacteria, staphilococcs, etc.), so
phytopathogenic fungi is inhibited, while the number of mesophilic, aerobic and
facultative bacteria is reduced considerably. Tab. 4, Fig. 3, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.25. Respiration
intensity of some stone fruits during storage. /M. Zhgenti, L. Gulua, T. Turmanidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #1. – v. 77. – pp. 115-118. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The dynamics of respiration intensity of promising peach, plum and
nectarine cultivars growing in Georgia during storage was investigated. The
cultivars withstanding long storage were identified and the loss during storage
was assessed. Tab. 4, Fig. 3, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.26. Changes in some oxidative enzymes in stone fruits during storage. /M. Garuchava, L. Gulua, M. Zhgenti, T. Turmanidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #1. – v. 77. – pp. 119-122. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The activity of oxidative enzymes peroxidase and o-diphenoloxidase in
peaches, plums and nectarines was studied. The dynamics of changes in these
enzymes during storage of fresh fruit is discussed. Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.4.4.27. Polycondensation
of carbamide for production of prolonged biodegradable itrogen fertilizers. /G. Papava, E.
Gugava, M. Gurgenishvili, N. Dokhturishvili, N. Gelashvili, E. Gavashelidze, R.
Liparteliani, N. Khotenashvili/. Georgian
Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #4. – v. 80. – pp. 121-124. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
To
prevent the environmental pollution (soil, air, etc.) with nitrogen
fertilizers, the polycondensation of carbamide, a fertilizer used worldwide,
with the aim of obtaining the polymeric fertilizer, was carried out. A method
of production of the carbamide-based polymerized fertilizer was
developed. The polymeric fertilizer is poorly soluble in water, it slowly
transfers into a soluble form to be assimilated by plants under the action of
urease bacteria, and the plant has time to assimilate it. When the polymerized
fertilizer is used for cereals, the plant is provided with dosed nutrition
during the vegetation period, which guarantees its normal growth, increased
crops and ecologically pure products. Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.4.4.28. Biological waste processing by the extrusion method. /Sh. Andguladze, I. Bazgadze, S. Kolova/.
Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – #4. – v. 80. – pp. 129-131. – geo.;
abs.: geo., eng.
The paper deals with the extrusion
method for processing biological wastes. The use of the extrusion technology
guarantees the biological value of the finished product. The extrusion
technology can be used for utilizing food industry, animal breeding and poultry
farming weastes. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.29. Development of a builberry hydrophilic extract production technology.
/T. Gvinianidze, V. Mindeli, V.Kvantidze, A.Kalandia /. Goni.
– 2016. – #4. – pp.
29-34. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The bilberry-contained biologically active
substances being useful for living organisms are still practically unusable.
Against the background of shortage of natural biologically active additives,
the rational use of vegetable raw material resources is rather urgent. This
report presents a technology for producing a hydrophilic extract from bilberry.
Tab. 4, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.30. Using a sweet
bay infusion (bio-solution) in hazelnut plantations. /L.
Tchelidze/. Goni. – 2016. – #4. –
pp. 17-19. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The article deals with the mechanism of
preparing sweet bay biological solution to control pests as well as the webs
(colonies) of American White Butterflies (AWB) in plantations. Tab. 1, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.4.4.31. Development of
new-generation dietary bread technologies by using soya processing products. /M. Silagadze, S.
Gachechiladze, E. Pruidze, G. Khetsuriani, Kh. Khvadagiani, G. Pkhakadze/.
Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v. 15. – #2. – pp. 177-180. – eng.; abs:
eng.
In
order to develop low-calorie high-biological value dietary bread, we used the
soya processing products - roasted full fat soya flour, soya milk and soya pomade.
Their chemical and micro nutrient composition was studied. The study showed
that the soya processing products had low energy and high biological value, and
exhibited low glycemic index that maked them very attractive for the design of
dietary food products. In order to increase bioavailability of soya, we carried
out its sprouting. We studied the impact of different technological factors on
the accumulation dynamics of highly digestible components of soya. Based on the
studies of the separate and complex influence of the soya processing products
on the quality of whole wheat bread, the optimal doses of food additives were
determined. A new-generation dietary product with the trade name “Our Daily
Bread”, as well as its making technology was developed. Fig. 4, Ref. 9.
Auth.
b18.4.4.32. Study of physiological activity of microelements-
and glutamine acid-containing chelate citrates. /I.
Beshkenadze, A. Chagelishvili, M. Gogaladze, G. Chagelishvili, N.
Klarjeishvili, I. Lomtadze, Z. Molodinashvili/. Annals of Agrarian Science. – 2017. – v.
15. – #2. – pp. 243-246. – eng.; abs: eng.
Premixes
prepared on the base of microelements and glutamine acid-containing chelate
citrates and their composites with natural zeolite and clinoptilolite were
tested in a mixed feed for rabbits. Optimal composition and quantity of chelate
microelements were determined on the base of test and major experiments. To
study more thoroughly the results of the experiments the control slaughter was
performed in 120-day old rabbits. Live mass indices of the first experimental
group animals (when mixed feed was balanced with the premix that contained
microelements and the composites of glutamine acid chelate citrates and
clinoptilolite) slaughtered at 120 day age exceeded those of the 2nd (when
mixed feed was balanced with premix that contained microelements and glutamine
acid chelate citrates) and those of the control group (which was given the
fodder used commonly at the farm) by 0.15 and 0.45 kg, respectively. As to the
index of slaughter weight, here again the animals of the first experimental
group occupied the leading position and this index equaled to 55.07%, that of
the second group was- 54.54%, while that of the control group – 51.7%. Meat
coefficient index in the first experimental group was 3.11, in the second group
- 2,95, and in the control one - 2,89. Study of masses of inner bodies of
rabbits after their slaughter showed that the animals of the first experimental
group were distinguished by the best indices while the animals of the control
group showed the least indices. For more profound study of meat productivity we
investigated chemical characteristics of rabbit meat: water, fat, protein and
ash. It was proved that here again the animals of the first experimental group
show comparative advantage. Fat index in the meat of animals of the first
experimental group equaled to 9.2% and exceeded the fat indices of the meat of
animals of the second and control groups by 1,4 and 2.1%, while the fat index
of animals of the second experimental group exceeded that of the control group
by 0.7%. Water and protein were fixed in greater quantity in the meat of the
control group animals which is logical. Study of skin-and-fur quality, after
slaughter of rabbits, proved that here, again comparative advantage was shown
by the animals of the first experimental group. Indices of the animals of the
second experimental group exceed those of the control one, but legged behind
those of the first group. Tab. 4, Ref. 29.
Auth.
GM technology,
livestock cloning, marker assisted
selection, diagnostics
b18.4.4.33. The study of consumers perceptIon of genetically modified products on the
Georgian market. /N. Todua, T.Gogitidze/. Economics and Business.
– 2017. – v.10. – #1. – pp. 107-124. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The research examines
advantages and disadvantages of production and sale of genetically modified
products, as well as main aspects of their regulations. It is shown that
marketing research plays a significant role in the development of GMO market.
The marketing research is considered to be a cornerstone in investigation of
consumers’ perception towards the GMOs. The study reveals main specifications
of perception, knowledge and awareness, and main attitudes and tendencies of
Georgian buyers of genetically modified goods. It also defines main factors
that impact the decision making process of Georgians during the acquisition of
genetically modified products. Tab. 9, Ref. 31.
Auth.
b18.4.4.34.
Aspects of molecular identification of potato genotypes. /I. Anikina, Ò. Bekseitov, Ê. Isaeva, N. Kaynidenov/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #1-2. –
pp. 204-207. – rus.; abs.: eng.
The article presents an
overview of material about modern analytical methods of research by using
protein and DNA-markers which allows solving problems of potato genotypes
identification. Molecular diagnostics is an effective addition to traditional
methods for identifying the potato varieties and seed potatoes, which were
based on morphological and physiological features of the varieties. RAPD, AFLP,
SSR, ISSR and others types of DNA-markers were used for identification of potato
genotypes, detection its genetic diversity and passport system of gene pool in
worldwide practice; each of these markers can individually determine varieties
by using some limited amount of primers. It is noted that SSR-markers have some
advantages in potato sorts identification, because of their high polymorphism,
rapidity and high reproducibility of assays. Ref. 15.
Auth.
b18.4.4.35.
Selecting a polysacñaride complex for stabilizing a milk-based product. /Ì. Temerbaeva, Yu. Goretskaya/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #1-2. – pp. 211-212. – rus.; abs.: eng.
The article presents a
promising direction of a gerodietetic fermented milk production. Namely, the
selection of a polysaccharide complex to stabilize the structure of the new
product. The organoleptic and microbiological studies are given. Tab. 3, Ref.
5.
Auth.
Biomass feedstock production
technologies, biopharming
b18.4.4.36. The perspectives
of setting up a small food-prophylactic vegetable raw material processing enterprise.
/T. Megrelidze, G. Pirveli, G. Gugulashvili, V. Gvachliani/. Science and
Technologies. – 2016. – #1(721). – pp. 62-66. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
There
state of affairs in the modern food-prophylactic and nutritive-medical
vegetable raw material processing is demonstrated. The necessity of preserving
the useful properties when processing vegetable raw material is shown. To cope
with the said problem, the authors have developed a novel technology and a new
crushing and drying unit. The study results of changes in the useful substances
contained in the vegetable raw material during processing are shown. According
to the study results, the new raw material processing technology and the unit
ensure the preservation of the initial useful properties and the antioxidant
potential of the vegetable raw material. Fig. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.4.4.37. Mathematical modeling and application of biosystems in the integrated
citrus protection. /G. Aleksidze, E. Orjonikidze, A. Murvanidze, L. Nozadze, T. Epitashvili,
I. Geguchadze/. Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. – 2015. – 152 p. – geo.; abs.: eng.
The book deals with the mathematical models of fixing the quantitative
dynamics of harmful organisms in an ecosystem, which make it possible to
determine the number of useful and harmful insects and their optimal
correlations at any moment of time, which is a definite significance for developing
the biological control methods. A correctly built mathematical model makes it
possible to determine the changeability of the biological systems:
predator-prey and host-parasite in time and to define the initial assessments
in time, which willnot necessitate the conduct of additional measures. The project’s aim is to cultivate an ecologically safe product
in the Ajara citrus-growing zone. Fig. 21, Ref. 47.
Auth.
b18.4.4.38. Innovative technology for processing seed material by bioactivators. /A. Prangishvili, R. Gaxokidze, Z. Paresishvili/.
New Agrarian
Georgia. – 2017. – #5(73). – pp. 9-11. –
geo.; abs.: rus., eng.
An
innovative technology for processing seed material by bioactivators has been
worked out in order to increase the biological activity of seeds. The flow
sheet of this technology with the help of mechanization and automation
envisages equal spraying of cereal seeds with water solution of the
bio-preparation “Biorag”, to be ended with its two-step drying with a stream of
hot air and final packing of the finished product. The flow sheet makes it
possible to meet the consumer market demand with the respective increase in the
product’s shelf-life and quality of the processed cereal seeds. Fig.1, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.2.11.1. Demand for
Georgian wine and evaluation of competitive advantage factors of the viticulture and winemaking sector. /E. Kharaishvili/. Economics and Business. – 2016. – v. IX. – #4. – pp. 92-108.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Based
on the competitive advantage of the viticulture and winemaking sector, the paper
evaluates the tendencies of increasing demand for Georgian wine. The paper
analyzes the factors influencing the sector’s development and demand for
Georgian wine, taking into account the opinions of Georgian and foreign
researchers, wine research institutions and associations. It is concluded that
the viticulture and winemaking sector has competitive advantages in Georgia.
The causes of the increased demand are analyzed. The competitiveness of wine
industry is analyzed according to the traditional and new wine producer
countries. Based on five competitive factors influencing the Georgian wine,
conclusions about Georgia’s position between traditional producers of wine and
some appropriate recommendations are made. Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 47.
Auth.
b18.2.11.2. Modern trends of food
supply to population.
/G. Duchidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2016.
– #2(14). – pp. 34-38. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.,
rus.
The
current situation in food security and its development trends are considered.
The problems associated with food security in Georgia are analyzed. It is noted
that the local food security can be ensured by a set of measures directed at
improvement of social and economic problems associated with the food producing
branches, as well as development of national and worldwide economies. Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.2.11.3. Basic social-economic aspects of food problem solving. /M. Vadatchkoria/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2016.
– #2(14). – pp. 64-70. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The goals of food security reform
include supplying consumers with foodstuffs, creating a competitive
environemnt, promotind the extension of food business and food exports, as well
as implementation of the activities necessary for attaining these goals -
political will,
consistent approach, strictly defined action plan and
coordinated action of government, private sectors, consumers and international
organizations.
Ref. 4.
Auth.
18.2.11.4. Producing dietary products from the raw material of some wild berries. /E.
Khvichia, G. Kaishauri/. Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #2(722). – pp.
69-72. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The results of studying the chemical composition of
some wild berries (cornel, blackberry, wild pear) are given and a technology of production of
preserved food from these fruits (fruit in own natural juice) is developed. The
main standard qualitative indices of given products are studied. Tab. 2, Ref.
6.
Auth.
b18.2.11.5. Keeping quality of a pumpkin
"Kartuli
Tetri Hibriduli". /G. Kaishauri/.
Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #2(722). – pp. 73-77. – geo.; abs.: geo.,
eng., rus.
The
results of the research of the keeping quality of a pumpkin "Kartuli Tetri
Hibriduli", grown in the Georgia are discussed. The pumpkins are placed to
storage under conditions of natural ventilation (at the temperature of 12-14 0C
and 70-75% relatively humidity of air), as well as in the refrigerating chamber
at the temperature of 4-6 0C and relative air humidity of 90-95%.
This this sort of pumpkin is well preserved under conditions of natural ventilation
almost without spoilage during 8-9 months. Tab. 1, Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.2.11.6. Tushuri Guda
cheese and EU food safety regulations.
/A. Korakhashvili, G. Jeiranashvili/. Bulletin
of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – v. 10. – #3. – pp. 143-149. – eng.; abs: eng., geo.
The
risk of Georgian Tushuri Guda cheese contamination with mycotoxins is
investigated. Mycotoxins are produced by different genera of filamentous fungi
and cause serious health hazards such as carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.
Toxigenic fungi produce mycotoxins which contaminate the lactating sheep’s
feedstuff. During metabolism, the mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and are
secreted in milk. Studies show that there is a seasonal trend in the levels of
mycotoxins in ewe milk. In the cold months sheep feeds provide favorable
conditions for fungal growth. Good agricultural and storage practices are
therefore fundamental for controlling the toxigenic species and mycotoxins.
Although aflatoxins (especially aflatoxin M1) are the mycotoxins of greater
incidence in milk and cheese. It was found that other mycotoxins, such as
fumonisin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and
deoxynivalenol, can also occur in these products. Our investigation shows that
there are all favorable conditions in Georgia for safe production of Tushuri
Guda Cheese to be exported to Europe. Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.2.11.7. Red dessert wine prepared by innovative technology. /I. Kekelidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN).
– 2016. – v. 78. – #2. – pp. 122-124. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper deals with
the enological study results of red dessert wine made from the grape cultivar
Saperavi under standard technology and using different techniques of enrichment
with phenolic compounds and the dry wine made under standard technology.
Advantages of the red dessert wine made by innovative technology over the
samples of dessert and dry red wine made under the traditional technology are
shown. Tab. 1, Ref. 18.
Auth.
b18.2.11.8. Technology of
production of alcoholic beverages using the residue of alcohol distillation. /Ts. Oshakmashvili, M.
Khositashvili/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2017. – #1. – pp. 17-20. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
paper deals with the study of the residue of honey alcohol distillation for
biologically active substances. The experiments carried out showed that the
residue of honey alcohol distillation was rich in biologically active
substances such as organic acids, total nitrogen, phenolic compounds and
carbohydrates. High concentration of these substances in the residue of honey
alcohol distillation is due to their concentration in the process of
distillation of honey wine materials. The main difference between the residue
and its appropriate wine material consists in the composition of aromatic
components. Tab. 5, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.2.11.9. The amino-acid
profile of wines according to gas chromatographic analysis. /Sh. Shatirishvili, G. Zakalashvili, M. Kiladze, I.
Shatirishvili/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2017. – #1. – pp. 158-160. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
To
analyze Kakheti and Rkatsiteli wines for amino-acids by traditional gas
chromatography, rather different derivation methods for analyzing the samples
at 50°C depending on the duration of heat treatment
were used. It is shown that thermal treatment allows
reaching the amount of free amino-acids
close to that contained in wines produced by the classical method. Fig. 2, Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.2.11.10. Research of some
phenolic compounds in oak chip extracts. /S.
Zakalashvili, M. Bezhuashvili/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2017. – #1.
– pp. 154-157.
– eng.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
Based on the analysis
of spirit extracts some phenolic compounds of industrial oak chips were
studied. The spirit extracts of oak chips of different degree of baking (light,
medium and strong) were analysed. The following low-molecular phenolic
compounds were identified in the oak chip spirit extracts: vanillin, vanillic
acid, syringic aldehyde, syringic acid, coniferylic aldehyde, sinapic acid,
syringol, gallic acid, gayacol, 4-vinylphenol and 4-ethylphenol. The variation
of concentration of the above-listed compounds in connection with the degree of
baking of oak chips and the possibility of using the spirit extracts of oak
chips are suitable for production of alcoholic beverages are established. Tab.
1, Ref. 15.
Auth.
b18.2.11.11.
Determination of the free amino-acid profile by means of high-performance
liquid chromatography. /Sh.
Shatirishvili, L. Berishvili, I. Shatirishvili/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – v. 77. – #1. – pp. 99-101. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The paper deals with
the changes in the free amino-acid profile in the wines “Rkatsiteli” and
“Kakheti” in relation to the duration of thermal heating and temperature
variation. Main amino-acids, such as threonine, istidine+glutamine, alanine,
arginine, methionine and proline, were determined. Tab. 2, Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.2.11.12.
Prevention of oxidation during production of wine materials from Tsolikauri
grape cultivar. /L. Chkuaseli, Z. Geliashvili, M. Khomasuridze, M.
Meskhidze/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – v. 77. – #1. – pp. 102-108. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Oxidation causes
various flaws and faults in wine. Moderate amounts of oxygen have a beneficial
effect on wine, giving to it complexity, whereas the excess of oxygen
eventually deteriorates the quality of wine. White wine contains less amounts
of phenolic compounds than red one, but the oxidation of phenolic acids,
especially of hydroxycinnamic acid, catechols and quercetin, changes the color
of wine into brown. For preventing the oxidation of wine, they must
continuously control the content of oxygen in wine and use antioxidants allowed
in oenology (ascorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, etc.). In the result of
experimental investigation, the advantages of treatment of white wine with
auxiliary materials Qi-No[Ox] and PVPP for prevention of oxidation were
revealed. Application of antioxidant tannin preparation (VR Supra-Laffort)had
an adverse impact on the wine color intensity and tone, the content of total
phenols considerably increased as well. Tab. 1, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.2.11.13. The influence of
oak chips, cube, extract and tannin on the color intensity and hue of red wine.
/Z. Babichadze, M. Khomasuridze, R. Khutsishvili/. Georgian Engineering News (GEN). – 2016. – v. 80. – #4. – pp. 134-140. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Based on the conducted
experiment the influence of oak barrel alternatives on the color hue and color
intensity of red wine was studied. The red wine was produced from the Saperavi
grape variety. Various materials were used during the research: the chips
produced by high, medium, heavy roast and without roast; the cubes produced by
medium roast; oak and Quebracho tannins powder; liquid extract. Aging was
carried out for 3-6 months. Based on the obtained results, the recommendations
for application of the used materials were worked out. Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.2.11.14. Georgia must develop the national politic of nourishment. /P. Koguashvili/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 12-16. – geo.; abs.: eng.
The food consumption standards and the “food
minimum” value operating in Georgia are outdated. In order to change the
current rather unfavorable situation, the State in cooperation with the
academic sector, together with all other necessary measures to be carried out
(support on the part of farmers and cooperatives, creation of a specialized
agrocredit system, ensuring the land reclamation and zoo-veterinary services,
etc.) should work out the food security strategy (action plan) and national
food policy, the implementation of which will depend on the reasonable and
well-thought functioning of the state structures. Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.2.11.15. Food security in the system of
economic security. /K.Tsimintia/.
Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 26-29. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The indicators for food security should be considered among
the functional security indicators, as it holds a special place in the system of economic security. The existing data and calculations certify that the level of access to food as well
as the ability to produce agricultural products and the level of self-reliance are still unsatisfactory. The revenues of the significant part of
the population are not enough
to buy the minimum food basket.
In order to ensure adjustable security norms, the following is to be
done foremost: development and implementation
of the program for production of import substitution agricultural
products; implementation of
poverty reduction measures and
improvement of the
agricultural sector performance. Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.2.11.16. Food security in Georgia: accessibility aspects. /K.Tsimintia/. Business-Engineering.
– 2016. – #4. – pp. 146-150. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Despite the positive dynamics during the last fifteen years,
the access to food seems to be very low in Georgia. In particular, 11.6%
of population is below the poverty line as of 2014 (registered poverty). It
means that the minimal food basket calculated for
intake of 2300 kilocalories per day, does not meet the
present-day requirements. It should also be noted that average monthly
charges for food, drinks and tobacco products in the analyzed
period are so small (63,8 GEL) that they fail to meet the terms of optimal
viability. In 2005-2014, the average monthly income per capita increased
2.96 times, while the average monthly charges per capita - by 2.61 times. While
expenses on food, drink and tobacco products increased 1.8 times, the subsistence
level of an average consumer only by 1.6 times. The stated figures of low
economic access to food are substantiated by calculations of
accessibility indexes in this field. Tab. 1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.2.11.17. New baby food products from local raw material. /A. Khotivari, G.
Grigorashvili/. Modern technologies to produce ecologically
pure products for sustainable development of agriculture. Int. Sci. Conf.
Materials. Tbilisi. - 28-30 September. – 2016. – pp. 610-614. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
For
the purpose of increasing the nutritional value of baby food products, various
juices and sauces produced from wild growing fruits and berries were used. The
chemical analysis of a number of fruits and berries showed that cornel, apple,
hips and sea-buckthorn are rich in micro-nutrients and ascorbic acid. This was
the main reason of using these fruit berries as raw material for different food
production. Different rates of components were used in blends to identify the
best organoleptic properties and nutritional value of the finished product.
Tab. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.2.11.18. Assessing
resistance of potato species to temperature by a delayed
fluorescence method. /B.
Oniani/. Goni.
– 2016. – #4. – pp. 93-95. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Studying
the resistance
of potato species to temperature allows
accurate adjustment of potato
planting agro terms,
which is necessary because in most potato growing areas in Georgia during
climate change in summer, temperature is an important limiting factor for
potato vegetation. The convenient method for evaluating plant resistance to
environmental factors is the Delayed Fluorescence (DF) Metod. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.2.11.19. Food safety
regulation in Georgia.
/E. Sarjveladze/. The New Economist. – 2016. – #4(43). – pp. 38-43. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Food safety is one of
the most important problems of the modern society. In Georgia, the food safety
regulation and state control exercising body is the Ministry of
Agriculture-based LEPL - the National Food Agency. It actually ensures the
achievement of food safety through the following mechanisms: inspection,
supervision, monitoring, sampling, and documentary check. For the purpose of
food /animal feed safety control, the Agency carries out surprise inspections -
planned and unplanned. As a result of the work performed lately on the basis of
Georgia legislation, the situation in the sphere of food safety regulations
has significantly improved in the country, both in the direction of
harmonization with the relevant EU legislation as well as in terms of market
control and monitoring. For the purpose of improving and optimization of the
exiting situation, the planning and implementation of legislative and effective
management activities should be continued with the participation of branch scientists,
experts, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders. Ref. 7.
Auth.
b18.5.2.1. Economic
reasoning
of transition to programmable
agriculture aimed
at environmentally friendly production. /O. Keshelashvili/.
Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 146-154. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The problem of programmed harvesting of agricultural crops and programmed
agriculture development is discussed. In terms of economics, transition to programmable
agriculture implies and requires the rational and effective use of the factors
directly and indirectly influencing the growth and development of agricultural
crops, the zonal and micro-zonal differential use of natural and economic
conditions, the mastering of the industrial and resource potential according to
a multi-optional scenario, fitting of the industrial infrastructure thereto and
thorough evaluation and consideration of the marketing situation for maximally
effective mastering of the internal and external market segments. The
ecologically safe products can be obtained only in the local zones and areas
allocated and selected for this purpose, where specific farming activities are
to be carried out. Such areas can be used by the principle of
commercialization, directly on order by a definite group of consumers and on a
contractual basis. The output of ecologically safe products in such zones will
be small and correspondingly high-priced. This is going to be a specific form
of order business, the area of which will presumably widen. Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.5.2.2. Why and how employment
and income of rural population should be increased. /T. Kunchulia, Sh. Kikalishvili/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 155-159. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
As a result of land
reform implemented in Georgia, the number of small farms has drastically
increased. According to 2014 household survey, 728 247 family farms were
registered in the country. More than 72% of family farms owned up to 1 ha of
agricultural land. Small farms are mainly located in foothill and mountain
zones that make 87% of the country’s territory. Because of vertical zoning
characteristic to the country, agricultural land is naturally and economically
fragmented. Because of the above, big results should not be expected from the
measures aimed at land consolidation. Under the current situation the most
beneficial for small farms is the implementation of not expensive activities
aimed at increasing employment and income. This includes support to livestock
production, the lack of which is critically faced by the population. The paper
suggests introduction of poultry (broiler) farming in population and certain
number of sheep in the mountain region municipalities to be kept stalled. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.3. Economic assessment of
a new wheat fertilization system. /Ts. Samadashvili, D.
Bedoshvili, A. Tkhelidze, G. Chkhutiashvili, L. Alpaidze/. Bulletin of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia. – 2016. – #2(36). – pp. 164-168. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
On the basis of the
researches conducted in 2014-2015 it is possible to conclude that varieties of
wheat widespread in Georgia are characterized by high genetic potential that
gives the opportunity to receive big wheat harvest under conditions of
intensive agro background. With the use of a new system of fertilization which
implies both root and foliar applying of additional nutrients, the productivity
of wheat sharply increases. High doses of fertilizer increase plant bushiness,
resistance to diseases and wreckers and what is important it does not cause
wheat lying down. Using of a new technique of fertilization gives high economic
effect of wheat yield. With the use of a new system of fertilization it is
possible to get steady, big and quality wheat harvest. Income from wheat
harvest gained at applying such fertilization system varies from GEL 533 to 974
per hectare. Tab. 4, Ref. 15.
Auth.
b18.5.2.4. Projections for Georgian
village stabilization and
development. /R. Jabnidze/. Bulletin of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Georgia. – 2016.
– #2(36). – pp. 169-174. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The ways of revival of the Georgian village and
Georgian agriculture are proposed. In particular, the focus is made on the
concentration of all the efforts for settling the two major problems, namely
the reduction of rural unemployment and mass employment in rural areas. All
this is possible by restoration and rehabilitation in the region of various
long-term tested branches. Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.5.2.5. The role of the state
in economic and business development and legal
regulation /O. Keshelashvili/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. – 2016. – #4(33). – pp.
5-16. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Economy and in particular,
the business is based on freedom and independence. The
question is whether it should be regulated or not. As
world
experience shows, the business should be developed smoothly,
but in
certain doses it should be regulated and managed by government. The State
intervention in the economy and business development is expressed in
various
forms: 1) limits certain areas in the development and production of
certain
goods; 2) forms the legal basis for provides the public atmosphere,
which
contributes to the effectiveness of business and the market system in
general; 3) protects competition; 4) stimulates certain areas of development
and production of goods. 5) encourages monopoly; 6) fixes and/or freezes
prices; 7) establishes tax rules, rates, etc.; 8) effects income and wealth
distribution; 9) control employment and inflation; 10) guarantees social and
ecological balance. The main economic functions of the State in the economy and
business regulation are: 1) creating legal bases; 2) achieving the macro-economic
stability; 3) effecting the displacement of economic resources for raising the
economic efficiency; 4) effecting the income distribution. Ref.
4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.6. Distinguished tendencies in agriculture – the
basis for estimated prognosis. /O. Keshelashvili/. Agrarian-economic
Science and Technologies. – 2017. – #1(34). – pp.
5-12. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Based on the study of
major tendencies in the development of agriculture in Georgia, some positive
changes have been identified in recent years in respect of using the economic
and technological environment and economic growth of agriculture. There is a
tendency for an increase in arable lands and pastures in most regions, with the
concurrent decrease in areas under perennial plants. This fact is a clear
indication of the ineffective and non-intensive application of arable lands.
A trend
for deepening the level of agricultural specialization in individual regions is
observable, which is undoubtedly a positive event economically. The study
showed that that the volume of local agricultural production is not stable in
dynamics, because of which the population food supply index in comparison with
the physiological norms is low and characterized by a tendency to decrease. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.7. Designing a repair shop
for farm machinery maintenance and repair. /J. Katsitadze, G. Kutelia, I. Abuladze, G. Beridze, R. Margalitadze/. Agrarian-economic Science and
Technologies. – 2017. – #1(34). – pp.
13-19. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Significant problems in
the organization of farm machinery service have been observed in Georgia
lately. Farmers and private entrepreneurs lack appropriately equipped repair
shops. As a result, repair work is generally performed by unskilled personnel,
while its cost is high. All this adversely affects the quality of farming
operations and the agricultural output. The article presents calculation of
basic parameters of a simple farm machinery repair and
maintenance workshop, its design with basic equipment, as well as a mobile workshop
for implementation of urgent works under field conditions. Fig. 2, Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.8. Economic
regulation of environmental protection and nature management. /O. Keshelashvili/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. – 2017. – #2(35). – pp. 5-12. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
Considering present market demands,
it seems unfeasible to solve economic problems without implementation of
integrated systems of regulated and differentiated measures of land use.
Furthermore, it is not realistic to address the problems of nature management
and protection without applying proper economic mechanisms and stimulation. The
article suggests that scientific achievements give opportunity to identify to
what extent the elements of nature could be managed and at what level. The
spread of harmful organisms and the measures to control them should be
estimated and different models of ecological balance, restrictions, best
versions and prognosis should be considered. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.9. Some questions of agribusiness development. /T.
Lachkepiani, D. Baidauri, L. Baidauri/. Agrarian-economic Science and Technologies. – 2017.
– #2(35). – pp. 13-17. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The essence of agribusiness, development
history of it, as of specific sphere, and relevant expert opinions are
considered. The authors’ views concerning the agribusiness development in
Georgia are expressed. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.5.2.10. European models
and current challenges of farm diversification.
/I. Natsvlishvili/. Economics and
Business. – 2016. – v. IX. – #2. – pp. 31-50. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
investigation of experience of different countries
with best agricultural practice plays a significant role in the
identification of agricultural policy priorities in Georgia and in making
practical recommendations for farmers. The given article discusses current
tendencies of agriculture and agricultural policy using the so-called armchair
research method; the peculiarities of the European farm diversification models
are analyzed and the opportunities and limits of family farms in the European
Union are highlighted. The article argues that family farms in the EU are
considered as a key element of the European model of agriculture. Family farms
make multifarious contribution to the European Union and to its rural economy.
In Europe, around 97% of farms are family farms. The European Union through its
agricultural policy continues to stimulate sustainable and competitive
agriculture. Ref. 11.
Auth.
b18.5.2.11. Assessment of
the contemporary situation in entrepreneurship in Georgia. /L. Kadagishvili/. Economics and Business. – 2016.
– v. IX. – #2. – pp. 66-81.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
In
recent years, the Georgian government’s efforts have been directed to the
development of priority sectors of entrepreneurship, such as industry,
agriculture and tourism. Based on the scientific literature, governmental and
non-governmental, national and international organizations report and
statistical materials the given work analyzes and assesses the strong and weak
sides of the development of the above noted fields of entrepreneurship. The
contents of the article are structured as follows: initially there is an
assessment of the last 20 years of the reforms carried out in Georgia and noted
that, despite the positive steps taken towards this direction, the country
failed to reduce poverty and raise living standards. Further, it is analyzed
the situation of entrepreneurial activities in Georgia in 2012-2014 and made a
conclusion that despite the positive trends, the business environment at the
current stage in the country cannot provide the rapid pace of development of
the national economy. The article also discusses the basic approaches and forms
of state support of entrepreneurship and highlights the important role to be fulfilled
by the improvement of entrepreneurial environment and the increase of
entrepreneurs’ education level. On the basis of the conclusions made at the end
of the article there are formulated relevant proposals and recommendations.
Ref. 24.
Auth.
b18.5.2.12. On the necessity for making amendments in the tea plantations rehabilitation
state program. /P.
Koghuashvili/. Economics and Business.
– 2016. – v. IX. – #2. – pp. 82-89. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
article deals with the problems in the field of tea-growing; it analyzes and
shows the state tea-growing program, its shortcomings and proposes the
appropriate suggestions. The paper emphasizes that tea-growing is one of the
leading sectors of the economy in which over 180 households were engaged in the
80s of the last century. In recent decades, the area under tea has decreased
dramatically and the industry faces a danger of total destruction. The author
emphasizes that the state program expectations failed to be implemented due to
the program-contained standards unacceptable by agricultural cooperatives.
According to the author, the promotion of in the cooperation and intensive
development of agricultural integration in agricultural sector is an important
direction of the state reform and evasion from the taking of adequate measures
and sharing rich experience of the countries having successful economies will
cause serious problems. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.13.
Possible impacts of subsidizing the agricultural
sector and responsive behavior of agricultural households and the market. /T.Taktakishvili/. Economics and Business. – 2016. – v. IX. – #2. – pp. 168-175.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
agricultural sector has an important social and economic role in almost every
country and therefore it is supported by the government in various forms,
beginning from arranging the appropriate infrastructure in rural areas and
ending with allocation of definite subsidies for farmers. The paper shows the
most common forms of subsidies and possible responses from farm households. The
ways through which the policy of subsidies influences decision-making of the
households concerning the farming practices and taking the financial resources
are discussed. Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.5.2.14. Agrarian risks,
agrarian lending and agrarian insurance problems. /G. Tetradze, P. Koghuashvili/. Economics. – 2017. – #1. – pp.
153-160. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The authors discuss
agrarian risks and the problems in connection with lending and insurance. As it
is known, the agrarian sector is characterized as most risky sector compares
with other branches of economy; agricultural insurance and lending are
additional barriers to the sector development stages. Based on the
comprehensive analysis and the available foreign experience the appropriate recommendations
and the ways of their implementation are proposed. Tab.
1, Ref. 5.
Auth.
b18.5.2.15. Aims and forms
of agricultural subsidies. /T.
Taktakishvili/. Ekonomisti. – 2016. – v. X. – #3.
– pp.
86-94. – geo.;
abs.:
geo., eng.
The
principal aims and most popular forms of agricultural subsidies are considered.
The major reasons and economic grounds of the state intervention into the
agricultural sector development are analyzed. The attitude of different
economic schools toward agricultural subsidies is considered. The priorities of
the agrarian sector subsidizing policy and the activities directed at the
growth of productivity and employment in the agricultural sector are analyzed. Ref.
10.
Auth.
b18.5.2.16. State innovation policy in the US potato growing and
generalization of its experience in
Georgia.
/T. Kavtaradze, G. Kavtaradze/. Ekonomisti. –
2016. – v. XII. –
#1. – pp. 104-114. – geo.;
abs.:
geo., eng.
The
state innovation policy in the US potato growing from both the strategic
and tactical standpoint is studied. The current state of Georgian potato
production is analyzed and an opinion on the generalization of the relevant
American experience is expressed. Ref. 12.
Auth.
b18.5.2.17. Marketing and
agricultural sector. /T. Kuprashvili/. Goni. – 2017. – #5. – pp. 10-13.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
Marketing
and the agro-industrial sector are not the closely related notions yet. It can
be explained by two reasons: first, the agricultural production is still
insufficient; second, most specialists and managers engaged in agriculture do
not share the important role of marketing under conditions of deficiency of
goods. The business philosophy views in agriculture in the cases of marketing
and production-marketing orientation are different. In the case of marketing
orientation of business the purpose of business is the satisfaction of the
consumers’ demands and interests, while in the case of production-marketing
orientation implementation of the production plans is prioritized. Ref. 4.
Auth.
b18.5.2.18. Farmer and market
economy. /G. Natroshvili, M. Tsintsadze, N.
Natroshvili/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2016.
– #2(14). – pp. 70-73. –
geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
article deals with the premises of farm business development and how to become
a farmer. The main processes promoting the development of a farm business in
Georgia are analyzed. Transfer to market economy required the creation of
corresponding industrial units. Correspondingly, as far as collective farms and
soviet farms are disintegrated, they were substituted by peasant farms. Despite
the fact that they are highly developed in foreign states, in Georgia the farm
business’s professional level is rather low so far. The small farm facilities
existing nowadays are not able to achieve appropriate results. Furthermore,
this requires more attention from the state in order to promote farm business.
Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.5.2.19. Food product prices and factors influencing the pricing. /G. Duchidze/. Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). – pp. 57-61.
– geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
work presents a review of the prices on food products and the factors having
influence on pricing; it also states that the price of goods is the indicator
of the efficiency of food market performance; therefore, the work also reviews
the aspects of prices and defines that the process of pricing includes
consideration of the related factors such as the cost of the product with the
direct and overhead expenses included, purchasing capacity of the population,
the quality characteristics of the product and etc. Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.5.2.20. Cooperation and agricultural activities. Problems and
perspectives in Georgia. /M. Vadatchkoria/.
Metsniereba da Tskhovreba. – 2017. – #1(15). –
pp. 75-79. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng., rus.
The
government should develop an agricultural policy with due regard for financing
such structures that will ensure the optimal decision-making in agriculture.
Such structures should propose different forms of farm management for farmers.
They should solve administrative problems and should not redirect them to other
structures. The cooperation management forms will define in the future
investment of agriculture oriented toward development and reproduction. Ref. 6.
Auth.
b18.5.2.21. The prospect of increasing exports of Georgian products
under free trade conditions with Europe. /N. Maziashvili/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #1-2. – pp. 213-216. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The study data of January-August of 2015 evidenced a stable increase in the total
export of Georgian goods in the EU. The studies also found a 40.1% growth of net
exports. The trade rates with Europe were also retained in January-November of
2015 and the foreign trade turnover of Georgia with the EU countries amounted
to USD 2,792 billion, exceeding the corresponding indicator of the previous
year by 3 percent. Hence, the export indicator is 6 percent more and that of
import is more by 2 percent. Accordingly, one more expert opinion that the
Association Agreement would more encourage the growth of imports than of
exports was not proved. Evidently, the growth in the direction of export is
more than in the direction of import. Ref.
5.
Auth.
b18.5.2.22. The agribusiness development guidelines in the
agricultural sector. /V.Zeikidze, D.
Baidauri, T. Lachkepiani, L. Gegenava/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #1-2. – pp. 217-219. – geo.; abs.:
geo., eng.
The article discusses
the priorities of the country’s agribusiness development. The development of a
new strategy of food market, its importance and main priorities of the country
as a whole and its individual regions are given. In addition, the shortcomings
existing in the development of agribusiness are identified and the proposals
for eliminating them are given. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.5.2.23. Ensuring the development of cooperative
enterprises. /D.
Silagadze/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 22-25. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The
cooperatives “Terjola Wine” and “Sazano Winery” established with the financial
support of EU in Imereti region were studied using the survey,
observation and analysis method. The
level of cooperation in the winemaking sector was found to be rather low.
Several cooperatives operating in the region fail to lay a key role in the
sector, although there are informal relations between individual entrepreneurs,
within the scope of which they share information concerning farm chemicals,
buyers and other related questions. The study showed a low interest in
cooperation on the part of small family farms. Among the interfering factors is that cooperative members own small land
and business cannot expand. If
cooperatives unite, more products could be
produced and sold. The level of cooperation was also found very low in poultry
farming. The amendments made in Georgian laws
concerning agricultural cooperatives, entrepreneurship, taxes and grants should create conditions for stimulation and development of rural economy. Ref. 10.
Auth.
b18.5.2.24. Economic and financial problems of
agriculture and main directions of their resolution. /M. Shalamberidze, Z. Akhaladze/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 30-31. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The State’s
role in the development of the agricultural sector and regulation of its
financial and economic problems is a subject of different views, but the main
factor that could contribute to the overcoming the current crisis in the
agricultural sector is that the reforms to be carried out in the sector are
properly and precisely implemented, the finances allocated are reasonably spent
and necessary foreign investments are attracted. Ref. 2.
Auth.
b18.5.2.25. Prospects of wine tourism in Georgia. /K.
Kajaia/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. –
pp. 53-55. – geo.; abs.: geo., eng.
The originality of Georgian wine and winemaking is evident and
attracts foreign visitors. The finding of a different and original niche is a
real competitive advantage. It is important that the government could make best
of such an advantage and propose to an interested beginner farmer or peasant a
proper program of agricultural support. Georgia has definite advantages on the
competitive world wine market taking into account its ancient wine-growing and
winemaking traditions. The country also has companies with well-developed
infrastructure, although it is only a small part of what should and can be done
for developing wine tourism in the country. Ref. 3.
Auth.
b18.5.2.26. The role of agricultural municipal informational
service in the development of farms.
/T.
Oblishvili/. Business-Engineering. – 2016. – #4. – pp. 56-58. – geo.; abs.: eng.
The main goal of
establishment of an information-advisory service and its management are
discussed. The idea of setting up such a service originated in 2013 and in the
early 2013 the service was already operational. The service for Georgian
reality is innovative and is based on the American experience. The foundation
of the service caused different opinions, although it should be perceived as a
successful example. The service is oriented toward assisting the development of
farms and accessibility to the reliable statistical data necessary for
establishing economic indicators and make right conclusions. The service
supports the development of Georgian agriculture by effective use of its
material, financial and human resources. In spite of the service successes, it
will be good to organize visits to the like services in Europe and America.
Such activities will improve the personnel’s skills and raise their motivation
to work better. Ref. 2.
Auth.